Foreign Policy: Can the President Act Alone?Gaps and Conflicts in the Constitutional Grants of Power

The Framers did not intend the Constitution to be an all-inclusive bill of lading, for we cannot forget John Marshall\u27s famous admonition that it is a constitution we are expounding. \u27 Nonetheless, there are many large gaps and conflicts in the allocation of power among the three branches, most in the area of foreign relations, that have caused serious problems for our nation\u27s leaders and constitutional scholars over the past two centuries. How have our presidents reacted? Certainly the President can and has acted on his own in negotiating, enacting, and implementing foreign policy, despite the lack of any express executive authority to do so. But were his actions always constitutional? This article examines the express and implied grants of power to conduct foreign affairs, the gaps left noticeably behind, and the concurrent powers of the President and Congress in this area. Further, this article explores alternatives applied by our nation\u27s leaders and suggestions for the future as the next President addresses foreign policy issues in the close-knit international community of the twenty-first century

Foreign Policy: Can the President Act Alone?Gaps and Conflicts in the Constitutional Grants of Power

The Framers did not intend the Constitution to be an all-inclusive bill of lading, for we cannot forget John Marshall\u27s famous admonition that it is a constitution we are expounding. \u27 Nonetheless, there are many large gaps and conflicts in the allocation of power among the three branches, most in the area of foreign relations, that have caused serious problems for our nation\u27s leaders and constitutional scholars over the past two centuries. How have our presidents reacted? Certainly the President can and has acted on his own in negotiating, enacting, and implementing foreign policy, despite the lack of any express executive authority to do so. But were his actions always constitutional? This article examines the express and implied grants of power to conduct foreign affairs, the gaps left noticeably behind, and the concurrent powers of the President and Congress in this area. Further, this article explores alternatives applied by our nation\u27s leaders and suggestions for the future as the next President addresses foreign policy issues in the close-knit international community of the twenty-first century

Platelets in bleeding and thrombosis

Aberrations in hemostasis, whether an increased tendency toward clotting or an increased tendency toward bleeding, can have significant implications. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of platelets in bleeding and in thrombosis. This was accomplished using two projects. The first is the development and validation of a novel canine bleeding score to be used in canine ITP. The second is the investigation of coated platelet potential in canine cancer patients. This thesis is comprised of two major projects. The first describes the development and validation of a novel bleeding score to be used in canine immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), the DOGiBAT. ITP is a disease associated with significant clinical bleeding, and the use of a bleeding score will help to objectively compare treatments and to individualize treatment based on a patient’s bleeding risk. The second is a study of coated platelet potential in canine cancer patients. Coated platelets are a subset of platelets that are considered highly activated. If coated platelets are documented to contribute to thrombosis in cancer patients, they could potentially represent a novel therapeutic target

Development and implementation of a novel immune thrombocytopenia bleeding score for dogs

Background A method of quantifying clinical bleeding in dogs with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is needed because ITP patients have variable bleeding tendencies that inconsistently correlate with platelet count. A scoring system will facilitate patient comparisons and allow stratification based on bleeding severity in clinical trials. Hypothesis/Objectives To develop and evaluate a bleeding assessment tool for dogs, and a training course for improving its consistent implementation. Animals Client‐owned dogs (n = 61) with platelet counts \u3c50,000/μL; 34 classified as primary ITP, 17 as secondary ITP, and 10 as non‐ITP. Methods A novel bleeding assessment tool, DOGiBAT, comprising bleeding grades from 0 (none) to 2 (severe) at 9 anatomic sites, was developed. Clinicians and technicians completed a training course and quiz before scoring thrombocytopenic patients. The training course was assessed by randomizing student volunteers to take the quiz with or without prior training. A logistic regression model assessed the association between training and quiz performance. The correlation of DOGiBAT score with platelet count and outcome measures was assessed in the thrombocytopenic dogs. Results Clinicians and technicians consistently applied the DOGiBAT, correctly scoring all quiz cases. The odds of trained students answering correctly were higher than those of untrained students (P \u3c .0001). In clinical cases, DOGiBAT score and platelet count were inversely correlated (rs = −0.527, P \u3c .0001), and DOGiBAT directly correlated with transfusion requirements (rs = 0.512, P \u3c .0001) and hospitalization duration (rs = 0.35, P = .006). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The DOGiBAT and assessment quiz are simple tools to standardize evaluation of bleeding severity. With further validation, the DOGiBAT may provide a clinically relevant metric to characterize ITP severity and monitor response in treatment trials

Isolation of Cancer-Derived Exosomes Using a Variety of Magnetic Nanostructures: From Fe3O4 Nanoparticles to Ni Nanowires

Isolating and analyzing tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) can provide important information about the state of a tumor, facilitating early diagnosis and prognosis. Since current isolation methods are mostly laborious and expensive, we propose herein a fast and cost-effective method based on a magnetic nanoplatform to isolate TEX. In this work, we have tested our method using three magnetic nanostructures: (i) Ni magnetic nanowires (MNWs) (1500 × 40 nm), (ii) Fe3O4 nanorods (NRs) (41 × 7 nm), and (iii) Fe3O4 cube-octahedral magnetosomes (MGs) (45 nm) obtained from magnetotactic bacteria. The magnetic response of these nanostructures has been characterized, and we have followed their internalization inside canine osteosarcoma OSCA-8 cells. An overall depiction has been obtained using a combination of Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopies. In addition, Transmission Electron Microscopy images have shown that the nanostructures, with different signs of degradation, ended up being incorporated in endosomal compartments inside the cells. Small intra-endosomal vesicles that could be precursors for TEX have also been identified. Finally, TEX have been isolated using our magnetic isolation method and analyzed with a Nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NanoSight). We observed that the amount and purity of TEX isolated magnetically with MNWs was higher than with NRs and MGs, and they were close to the results obtained using conventional non-magnetic isolation methods.The Spanish Government is acknowledged for funding under the project number MAT2017-83631-C3