Разработка государственного вторичного эталона и стандартных образцов состава на основе жидкостной и газовой хроматографии

The article is devoted to the development of the state secondary measurement standard of mass fraction units and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on gas and liquid chromatography. The composition of the state secondary measurement standard, as well as the results of evaluating metrological characteristics have been considered. The problem of ensuring the traceability of measurement results to SI units is given in the article. Two approaches are proposed for obtaining a unit from the state primary standard of mass (molar) fraction units and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotopic dilution and gravimetry GET 208-2014: by comparing and using transfer standards. Examples of implementing the indicated approaches used during the development of reference materials of toxic substances, namely a certified reference material for composition of p,p-DDT (p,p-DDT, CRM of UNIIM) and a certified reference material for composition of benz(a)pyrene solution in acetonitrile (C20H12, CRM of UNIIM) are given. Results of determining metrological characteristics of reference materials including standard uncertainty due to characterization and standard uncertainties due to inhomogeneity, short and long-term instabilities are described.Статья посвящена разработке государственного вторичного эталона единиц массовой доли и массовой (молярной) концентрации органических компонентов в жидких и твердых веществах и материалах на основе газовой и жидкостной хроматографии. В работе представлен состав Государственного вторичного эталона, а также представлены результаты оценивания метрологических характеристик. Рассмотрена проблема обеспечения требования прослеживаемости результатов измерений до единиц СИ. Предложено два подхода получения единицы от Государственного первичного эталона единиц массовой (молярной) доли и массовой (молярной) концентрации органических компонентов в жидких и твердых веществах и материалах на основе жидкостной и газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии с изотопным разбавлением и гравиметрии ГЭТ 208-2014: методом сличений и с помощью эталонов сравнения. Приведены примеры реализации указанных подходов, использованные в ходе разработки стандартных образцов токсичных веществ, а именно стандартного образца состава п,п-ДДТ (п,п-ДДТ СО УНИИМ) и состава раствора бенз(а)пирена в ацетонитриле (С20Н12 СО УНИИМ). Описаны результаты установления метрологических характеристик стандартных образцов, включая стандартную неопределенность, обусловленную способом определения аттестованного значения, а также стандартные неопределенности от неоднородности, кратковременной и долговременной нестабильности

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Food Security: Results of Russian Embargo on Poultry Meat Import

The paper presents a geographically based assessment of the volume and value of imported poultry meat into the Russian Federation under the embargo restrictions. The assessment is based on the foreign trade statistics issued by the Customs Service of the Russian Federation. In volume terms, the import of poultry meat to the Russian Federation in 2015 decreased by 14 % as compared to the volume of 2014; in value terms it decreased by 6%. The geography of the import also changed. Before the embargo, the main suppliers of poultry meat to the Russian Federation were the USA (51%), Belarus (16%) and Brazil (10%). After the embargo was introduced, the United States (30%) still remained the main supplier along with Brazil (21%). A significant market share of poultry meat supplies to the Russian Federation was captured by Belarus (26%)

Food Security: Results of Russian Embargo on Poultry Meat Import

The paper presents a geographically based assessment of the volume and value of imported poultry meat into the Russian Federation under the embargo restrictions. The assessment is based on the foreign trade statistics issued by the Customs Service of the Russian Federation. In volume terms, the import of poultry meat to the Russian Federation in 2015 decreased by 14 % as compared to the volume of 2014; in value terms it decreased by 6%. The geography of the import also changed. Before the embargo, the main suppliers of poultry meat to the Russian Federation were the USA (51%), Belarus (16%) and Brazil (10%). After the embargo was introduced, the United States (30%) still remained the main supplier along with Brazil (21%). A significant market share of poultry meat supplies to the Russian Federation was captured by Belarus (26%)

GASTROINTESTINAL FOOD ALLERGY IN CHILDREN

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence  of food allergies. Pathological conditions associated  with a food intolerance are becoming an increasingly urgent problem of pediatrics. According to different researchers, allergic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract occurs in 25–50% of patients with such common pathology as an allergy to cow's milk proteins. The severity of diseases  associated  with food allergies and their prognosis  depend largely on early diagnosis and adequate treatment. Difficulties and errors  in the diagnosis  of gastrointestinal  food allergies  are associated  with both subjective  and objective  reasons,  primarily due to the fact that gastrointestinal  reactions to food are often delayed and non-IgE-mediated. The article describes clinical forms of gastrointestinal food allergy according to the existing classification. Diagnostic algorithms and modern approaches  to differential diagnosis of disease based on evidence-based  medicine and corresponding to international consensus papers are given

The Correlation Between Body Weight and Arterial Blood Pressure in 11 and 15 Years Old Children: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Background. Children’s body weight is the predictor of pathologic elevation of arterial blood pressure (ABP) in adult life. The aim of the study is to divide the data on body weight and ABP in adolescents and to find correlations between them. Methods. The randomised study of 11 and 15 years old pupils from general education institutions was carried out. The 16 months research was executed in 9 different regions of the country (one region from every federal district and 5 schools (with juniors and seniors) in each were randomly selected). In addition to measurement of ABP (three times by Korotkov’s method) and body weight (using general bathroom scales) all children were examined by the group of pediatric specialists (pediatrician, gastroenterologist, allergologist, otolaryngologist, ophthalmologist, neurologist, psychologist, cognitive specialist, orthopedic traumatologists, nephrologist, ultrasound and laboratory diagnostic specialist).Results. The study included 1911 teenagers. The correlation (p<0,010 for all groups) between systolic/diastolic blood pressure and body weight was revealed in group of boys at the age of 11 (r=0,394/0,206) and 15 (r=0,231/0,185) years old and in group of girls of the same age age (r=0,330/0,227 and r=0.228/0.148 respectively). Conclusion. The significant correlation between body weight and levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 11 and 15 years old children has been revealed

Development of the state secondary measurement standard and certified reference materials for composition on the basis of liquid and gas chromatography

The article is devoted to the development of the state secondary measurement standard of mass fraction units and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on gas and liquid chromatography. The composition of the state secondary measurement standard, as well as the results of evaluating metrological characteristics have been considered. The problem of ensuring the traceability of measurement results to SI units is given in the article. Two approaches are proposed for obtaining a unit from the state primary standard of mass (molar) fraction units and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotopic dilution and gravimetry GET 208-2014: by comparing and using transfer standards. Examples of implementing the indicated approaches used during the development of reference materials of toxic substances, namely a certified reference material for composition of p,p-DDT (p,p-DDT, CRM of UNIIM) and a certified reference material for composition of benz(a)pyrene solution in acetonitrile (C20H12, CRM of UNIIM) are given. Results of determining metrological characteristics of reference materials including standard uncertainty due to characterization and standard uncertainties due to inhomogeneity, short and long-term instabilities are described

Связь массы тела и артериального давления у детей в возрасте 11 и 15 лет: ретроспективное одномоментное исследование

Background. Children’s body weight is the predictor of pathologic elevation of arterial blood pressure (ABP) in adult life. The aim of the study is to divide the data on body weight and ABP in adolescents and to find correlations between them. Methods. The randomised study of 11 and 15 years old pupils from general education institutions was carried out. The 16 months research was executed in 9 different regions of the country (one region from every federal district and 5 schools (with juniors and seniors) in each were randomly selected). In addition to measurement of ABP (three times by Korotkov’s method) and body weight (using general bathroom scales) all children were examined by the group of pediatric specialists (pediatrician, gastroenterologist, allergologist, otolaryngologist, ophthalmologist, neurologist, psychologist, cognitive specialist, orthopedic traumatologists, nephrologist, ultrasound and laboratory diagnostic specialist).Results. The study included 1911 teenagers. The correlation (p<0,010 for all groups) between systolic/diastolic blood pressure and body weight was revealed in group of boys at the age of 11 (r=0,394/0,206) and 15 (r=0,231/0,185) years old and in group of girls of the same age age (r=0,330/0,227 and r=0.228/0.148 respectively). Conclusion. The significant correlation between body weight and levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 11 and 15 years old children has been revealed.Обоснование. Масса тела детей является предиктором патологического повышения артериального давления (АД) во взрослом возрасте.Цель исследования — распределить значения массы тела и АД в подростковой популяции и установить связь между этими показателями.Методы. Проведено рандомизированное исследование школьников в возрасте 11 и 15 лет — учащихся общеобразовательных учреждений. Исследование длительностью 16 мес выполнено в 9 различных регионах страны (рандомно выбраны регионы — по одному из каждого федерального округа, в каждом из них определены по 5 школ, где учатся младшие и старшие подростки). Помимо определения АД (трехкратно по методу Короткова) и измерения массы тела (с помощью напольных весов), все дети были осмотрены бригадой педиатрических специалистов (в составе педиатра, гастроэнтеролога, аллерголога, ЛОР-врача, окулиста, невролога, психолога, специалиста по когнитивной педиатрии, травматолога-ортопеда, нефролога, специалиста ультразвуковой и лабораторной диагностики). Результаты. В исследование включили 1911 подростков. Обнаружена корреляция (p < 0,010 для всех групп) между систолическим/диастолическим АД и массой тела в группе мальчиков 11 (r = 0,394/0,206) и 15 лет (r = 0,231/0,185), а также в группе девочек того же возраста (r = 0,330/0,227 и r = 0,228/0,148 соответственно). Заключение. Выявлена значимая корреляция между массой тела и уровнями систолического и диастолического артериального давления у подростков 11 и 15 лет