Institutional tool of financial policy : contractual policy

Under the market conditions, the most important role in economic subject belongs to the financial aspect – therefore, effective decisions at the micro-level are predetermined by financial policy, as realization of the strategy in the tactics of finances management is not possible if there’s none. Finances of economic subject are a component of the financial system of the Russian Federation. Together with the state financial policy, which is aimed at overcoming of consequences of the global financial crisis, there is financial policy of separate economic subjects and corporate structures. For the purpose of study of financial policy, the authors deem it expedient to clarify the definition of “policy”. According to M. Weber, policy is “striving for participation in authority or influencing the distribution of authority, be it between states or within a state between groups of people”.peer-reviewe

Supplementary data for the article: Uraev, A. I.; Nefedov, S. E.; Lyssenko, K. A.; Vlasenko, V. G.; Ikorskii, V. N.; Garnovskii, D. A.; Makarova, N. I.; Levchenkov, S. I.; Shcherbakov, I. N.; Milenković, M. R.; Borodkin, G. S. Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Studies and Magnetic Properties of Cu2N2O4-, Cu2N2O2(S2)-, Cu2N2S4-Chromophores Based on Aminomethylene Derivatives of Pyrazole-5-One(Thione). Polyhedron 2020, 188, 114623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2020.114623

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2020.114623]Related to published version: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4221

Morphological Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Different Types of Tumor Vessels in Patients with Stages I-IIA of Squamous Cervical Cancer

The determination of factors associated with progression of cervical cancer is important, both for a recurrence risk assessment and for determining optimal treatment tactics. Previously, we showed the prognostic value of different types of tumor microvessels (MVs) in gastric and breast cancer. The object of this research was to study the morphology and clinical significance of different tumor microvessels in early cervical cancer. A total of 65 archived paraffin blocks of patients with I-IIA stages of squamous cervical cancer were investigated. Samples were stained with Mayer hematoxylin and immunohistochemically using antibodies to CD34, podoplanin, HIF-1a, and Snail. The eight types of tumor MVs differed in morphology were identified. It was established that only the dilated capillaries (DСs) with weak expression of CD34, the contact type DCs, the capillaries in tumor solid component, and the lymphatic vessels in the lymphoid and polymorphic cell infiltrates of tumor stroma are associated with clinical and pathological characteristics of early cervical cancer. Preliminary results also suggest that a combination of fragmentation in tumor solid component and the contact type DCs may predict a recurrence of early cervical cancer. Given the small number of cervical cancer recurrences, the predictive significance of the described markers requires a more thorough examination

Sex‐specific effects of leptin administration to pregnant mice on the placentae and the metabolic phenotypes of offspring

Obesity during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of metabolic diseases in the offspring. However, the factors within the maternal milieu which affect offspring phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The adipocyte hormone leptin plays a key role in regulating energy homeostasis and is known to participate in sex‐specific developmental programming. To examine the action of leptin on fetal growth, placental gene expression and postnatal offspring metabolism, we injected C57BL mice with leptin or saline on gestational day 12 and then measured body weights (BWs) of offspring fed on a standard or obesogenic diet, as well as mRNA expression levels of insulin‐like growth factors and glucose and amino acid transporters. Male and female offspring born to leptin‐treated mothers exhibited growth retardation before and a growth surge after weaning. Mature male offspring, but not female offspring, exhibited increased BWs on a standard diet. Leptin administration prevented the development of hyperglycaemia in the obese offspring of both sexes. The placentas of the male and female foetuses differed in size and gene expression, and leptin injection decreased the fetal weights of both sexes, the placental weights of the male foetuses and placental gene expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter in female foetuses. The data suggest that mid‐pregnancy is an ontogenetic window for the sex‐specific programming effects of leptin, and these effects may be exerted via fetal sex‐specific placental responses to leptin administration

A Solitary Stalled 80S Ribosome Prevents mRNA Recruitment to Stress Granules

Abstract: In response to stress stimuli, eukaryotic cells typically suppress protein synthesis. This leads to the release of mRNAs from polysomes, their condensation with RNA-binding proteins, and the formation of non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic compartments called stress granules (SGs). SGs contain 40S but generally lack 60S ribosomal subunits. It is known that cycloheximide, emetine, and anisomycin, the ribosome inhibitors that block the progression of 80S ribosomes along mRNA and stabilize polysomes, prevent SG assembly. Conversely, puromycin, which induces premature termination, releases mRNA from polysomes and stimulates the formation of SGs. The same effect is caused by some translation initiation inhibitors, which lead to polysome disassembly and the accumulation of mRNAs in the form of stalled 48S preinitiation complexes. Based on these and other data, it is believed that the trigger for SG formation is the presence of mRNA with extended ribosome-free segments, which tend to form condensates in the cell. In this study, we evaluated the ability of various small-molecule translation inhibitors to block or stimulate the assembly of SGs under conditions of severe oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite. Contrary to expectations, we found that ribosome-targeting elongation inhibitors of a specific type, which arrest solitary 80S ribosomes at the beginning of the mRNA coding regions but do not interfere with all subsequent ribosomes in completing translation and leaving the transcripts (such as harringtonine, lactimidomycin, or T-2 toxin), completely prevent the formation of arsenite-induced SGs. These observations suggest that the presence of even a single 80S ribosome on mRNA is sufficient to prevent its recruitment into SGs, and the presence of extended ribosome-free regions of mRNA is not sufficient for SG formation. We propose that mRNA entry into SGs may be mediated by specific contacts between RNA-binding proteins and those regions on 40S subunits that remain inaccessible when ribosomes are associated.</p

A Solitary Stalled 80S Ribosome Prevents mRNA Recruitment to Stress Granules

Abstract: In response to stress stimuli, eukaryotic cells typically suppress protein synthesis. This leads to the release of mRNAs from polysomes, their condensation with RNA-binding proteins, and the formation of non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic compartments called stress granules (SGs). SGs contain 40S but generally lack 60S ribosomal subunits. It is known that cycloheximide, emetine, and anisomycin, the ribosome inhibitors that block the progression of 80S ribosomes along mRNA and stabilize polysomes, prevent SG assembly. Conversely, puromycin, which induces premature termination, releases mRNA from polysomes and stimulates the formation of SGs. The same effect is caused by some translation initiation inhibitors, which lead to polysome disassembly and the accumulation of mRNAs in the form of stalled 48S preinitiation complexes. Based on these and other data, it is believed that the trigger for SG formation is the presence of mRNA with extended ribosome-free segments, which tend to form condensates in the cell. In this study, we evaluated the ability of various small-molecule translation inhibitors to block or stimulate the assembly of SGs under conditions of severe oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite. Contrary to expectations, we found that ribosome-targeting elongation inhibitors of a specific type, which arrest solitary 80S ribosomes at the beginning of the mRNA coding regions but do not interfere with all subsequent ribosomes in completing translation and leaving the transcripts (such as harringtonine, lactimidomycin, or T-2 toxin), completely prevent the formation of arsenite-induced SGs. These observations suggest that the presence of even a single 80S ribosome on mRNA is sufficient to prevent its recruitment into SGs, and the presence of extended ribosome-free regions of mRNA is not sufficient for SG formation. We propose that mRNA entry into SGs may be mediated by specific contacts between RNA-binding proteins and those regions on 40S subunits that remain inaccessible when ribosomes are associated.</p

Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic studies and magnetic properties of Cu2N2O4-, Cu2N2O2(S2)-, Cu2N2S4-chromophores based on aminomethylene derivatives of pyrazole-5-one(thione)

The aminomethylene derivatives of pyrazole-5-one (6) and pyrazole-5-thione (7) were synthesized in the reaction of 2-aminophenol (4) with corresponding 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-X-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1, X = hydroxy) or (2, X = sulfanyl). Reaction of 2-aminobenzenethiol (5) with 1-R-3-methyl-5-sulfanyl-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes (2, R = phenyl and 3, R = isopropyl) results in the formation of disulfide compounds 8 and 9. The structures of compounds 6–9 were determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The reaction of each ligand 6–9 with copper(II) acetate monohydrate in ethanol resulted in dinuclear metal-chelates with Cu2N2O4, Cu2N2O2S2, Cu2N2S4 chromophores. All complexes were characterized with C, H, N elemental analysis, FT-IR, ESR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The structures of the complexes 11 and 13 were determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements in the 2–300 K temperature range were performed and the influence of the type of bridging atoms on the magnetic and spectral properties was discussed. The nature of magnetic and spectral properties of the copper chelates was analyzed using DFT quantum-chemical calculations within broken-symmetry and time dependent (TD DFT) approximations, correspondingly.Supplementary material: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4236

Methyl 5&prime;-Chloro-8-formyl-5-hydroxy-1&prime;,3&prime;,3&prime;-trimethyl-spiro-[chromene-2,2&prime;-indoline]-6-carboxylate

Spiropyrans modified with reactive polyfunctional substituents are of great interest as building blocks for the creation of various smart systems with controllable properties for materials science and biomedicine. In this study, a new highly modified spiropyran of the indoline series, methyl 5&prime;-chloro-8-formyl-5-hydroxy-1&prime;,3&prime;,3&prime;-trimethyl-spiro[chromene-2,2&prime;-indoline]-6-carboxylate, was obtained via the cyclocondensation reaction from 5-chloro-1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-3H-indolium perchlorate and methyl 3,5-diformyl-2,4-dihydroxy-benzoate. The molecular structure of the target compound was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy, as well as LC/MS and elemental analysis. Photochemical studies revealed photochromic activity for the obtained spiropyran at room temperature. The photoinduced merocyanine form demonstrated an enhanced lifetime and fluorescent properties in the red region of the spectrum

2-Hetaryl-1,3-tropolones based on five-membered nitrogen heterocycles: synthesis, structure and properties

A series of derivatives of 2-hetaryl-1,3-tropolone (β-tropolone) was prepared by the acid-catalyzed reaction of 2-methylbenzoxazoles, 2-methylbenzothiazoles and 2,3,3-trimethylindoline with 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone. The molecular structures of the three representative compounds were determined by X-ray crystallography. In crystal and (as shown by the DFT PBE0/6-311+G** calculations) in solution, 2-hetaryl-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro- and 2-hetaryl-5,6,7-trichloro-1,3-tropolones exist in the NH-tautomeric form with a strong resonance-assisted intramolecular N–H···O hydrogen bond. The mechanism of the formation of 1,3-tropolones in the reaction of methylene-active five-membered heterocycles with o-chloranil in acetic acid solution has been studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods. The reaction of 2-(2-benzoxa(thia)zolyl)-5,6,7-trichloro(4,5,6,7-tetrachloro)-1,3-tropolones with alcohols leads to the contraction of the seven-membered tropone ring with the formation of 2-(2-benzoxa(thia)zolyl)-6-alkoxycarbonylphenols. The molecular structure of 2-(2-ethoxycarbonyl-6-hydroxy-3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)benzoxazole has been determined by X-ray diffraction. 2-(2-Benzoxa(thia)zolyl)-6-alkoxycarbonylphenols display intense green fluorescence with anomalous Stokes shifts caused by the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effects