Evaluation of salinity stress on morphophysiological traits of four salin tolarant wheat cultivars

For assessment the effects of salinity on morphophysiological traits of wheat an experiment with four caltivars (Karchia, Sorkh tokhm, Sholeh and Roshan) and one line (1-66-22) in four salt concentrations(0, 60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl), were conducted by factorial analysis in a completely randomized design with three replications. The rate of leaf area were measured in four stages. In booting stage, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD meter), and in pollination phase the rate of Na+ and K+ iones in four leaves(up to down) were assessed and finally stem length and total dry matter were measured. Results showed that salinity reduced leaf area, total dry matter stem length of plants and relative chlorophyll content. With increasing of salinity the rate of Na+ were increased but the rate of K+ iones were decreased. Also the salt exclusion was observed at nodes of stem that of 1-66-22 was spot form

Evalution of the effects of salinity conditions on original plants on seeds, vigor

Salinity is one of the main problem in cereal production. For assessing the effect of salinity on seedling of the plants that had been grown in salinity conditions, an experiment with four tolerant wheat cultivars in four treatments(0, 60, 120 and 180 Mm NaCl) was conducted. The seeds of these plants were tested with distilled water using a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 3 replications, and the percentage of germination, vigor, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight were measured. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences between cultivars on root length, R:Sh, root and shoot weight and the biomass but these elements were not affected equally. Root length, root and shoot weight and biomass of cultivars in salinity treatments increased because of the absorption of water that is the result of reduction of osmotic potentiality of seeds. Shoot length and percentage of germination show the least amount of change among wheat species and different levels of salinity that represents the less sensitivity of these characteristics to salinity stress. However, these changes were not the same which shows the genetic difference among the cultivars

Investigating the factors affecting the willingness to continue using Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan province during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: Instagram pages of public libraries were a suitable platform to establish and maintain communication with users and provide services and information they needed, especially during the epidemic of diseases such as COVID-19. The aim of the present study is to identify the factors affecting the willingness of users to continue using the Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan province during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey of correlation type in terms of the data collection method. The research was carried out in 1399-1400. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose face validity was confirmed by experts in this field, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient at 72%. The statistical population of the research included all the followers of the Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan province during the COVID-19 pandemic, from which 20 active pages were selected, and the questionnaire was provided to them privately by the managers of the pages, and finally 212 questionnaires were returned. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequency, frequency percentage, standard deviation and mean in SPSS software, and the structural equation modeling by partial least squares method in SmartPLS software was used to investigate the relationships between variables and test hypotheses. Findings: The findings of the analysis of path coefficients showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived usefulness, responsiveness, social benefits and satisfaction with the desire to continuously use Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan province. Satisfaction with the path coefficient (0.446) was the strongest factor in predicting the continued use of Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan province during the COVID-19 pandemic. After satisfaction, responsiveness, usefulness, and social benefits, respectively, had the greatest impact on the desire to continuously use these pages. Interestingly, no significant relationship was observed between the variables of ease of use, expectations, perceived enjoyment, type of post uploaded, post upload time, content, social influence, and correlation with the tendency to continuously use Instagram pages of public libraries. The results related to the path coefficients of the factors of type of uploaded post, time of uploading post, ease of use and content on the perceived usefulness of users from the Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan province showed that there is a positive and significant relationship and the type of uploaded post with the path coefficient (0/290) was the strongest predictor of perceived usefulness. Furthermore, the analysis of path coefficients showed that the relationship between perceived enjoyment and perceived usefulness on user satisfaction is not significant, but the coefficients of the effect of ease of use and expectations on user satisfaction from Instagram pages of public libraries in West Azerbaijan Province is positive and significant. In general, the value of the goodness of fit was 0/641, which indicates the appropriateness of the overall fit of the model. Originality/value: Considering that the desire and intention to continue using social media sites is an act after their admission and so far, few studies have identified the factors influencing the desire to continue using social media, especially Instagram pages in public libraries, the results of this study can have valuable scientific and practical implications for managers and policy makers in this field

Numerical study of RC beams under various loading rates with LS-DYNA

Having an accurate understanding of concrete behavior under effects of high strain rate loading with the aim of reducing incurred damages is of great importance. Due to complexities and high costs of experimental research, numerical studies can be an appropriate alternative for experimental methods. Therefore, in this research capability of the finite element method for predicting concrete behavior at various loading conditions is evaluated by LS-DYNA software. First, the proposed method is presented and then is validated in three stages under different conditions. Results of load–midspan displacement showed good agreement between experimental and finite element results. Capability of finite element method in analyses of beams under various rates of loading was also validated by low error of the results. In addition, the proposed method has reasonable ability to evaluate reinforced concrete beams under various loading rates and different conditions

اثر اندانسترون بر کاهش تهوع ناشی از کتامین در کودکان مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس؛ یک کارآزمایی بالینی

Introduction: Nausea is a common side effect of ketamine in pediatric sedation and the controversy is still ongoing regarding use of anti-nausea drugs with ketamine to reduce this side effect. Thus, the present study was done aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of ondansetron in controlling the nausea caused by intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) use of ketamine in pediatric sedation and analgesia. Methods: In the present single-blind randomized clinical trial, 1-18 year old children in need of sedation were divided into 4 treatment groups of IV ketamine, IM ketamine, IV ketamine and ondansetron, and IM ketamine and ondansetron, and prevalence of nausea and vomiting was compared between the groups as the main outcome of the study. Results: 120 children were studied (the most common age group 2-7 years 66.7%; 65.8% male). 18 (15.0%) patients were affected with nausea and vomiting. The prevalence of nausea in IV ketamine, IM ketamine, IV ketamine and ondansetron, and IM ketamine and ondansetron groups was 26.7%, 16.7%, 6.7% and 10.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the 4 studied groups regarding rate of nausea (p = 0.17). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it seems that using ondansetron along with ketamine does not reduce nausea. Contradiction between studies is indicative of the need for further studies in this regard. مقدمه: تهوع از عوارض شایع کتامین در آرام بخشی کودکان است و هنوز در خصوص استفاده از یک داروی ضد تهوع در کنار کتامین به منظور کاهش این عارضه، اختلاف نظر وجود دارد. بر این اساس مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی اندانسترون در کنترل تهوع ناشی از مصرف کتامین داخل عضلانی و داخل وریدی در آرامبخشی کودکان انجام پذیرفته است. روش کار: در کارآزمایی بالینی یک سوکور تصادفی حاضر کودکان 18-1 ساله نیازمند به آرامبخشی به چهار گروه تحت درمان با کتامین وریدی، کتامین عضلانی، کتامین وریدی و اندانسترون و کتامین عضلانی و اندانسترون تقسیم شدند و میزان بروز تهوع و استفراغ به عنوان پیامد اصلی مورد بررسی مطالعه، بین آنها به مقایسه گذاشته شد. يافته ها: 120 کودک مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند (شایعترین گروه سنی 7-2 سال 7/66 درصد؛ 8/65 درصد پسر). 18 (0/15 درصد) بیمار دچار تهوع و استفراغ شدند. شیوع تهوع در گروه کتامین وریدی، کتامین عضلانی، ترکیب کتامین وریدی + اندانسترون و کتامین عضلانی+ اندانسترون به ترتیب برابر 7/26 درصد، 7/16 درصد، 7/6 درصد و 0/10 درصد بود. از نظر میزان تهوع تفاوت معنی داری بین چهار گروه مورد مطالعه مشاهده نشد (17/0 = p). نتيجه گيری: بر اساس نتایج  مطالعه حاضر به نظر می رسد که افزودن اندانسترون به کتامین منجر به تخفیف عارضه تهوع نمی شود. اختلاف نظر موجود بین مطالعات بیانگر نیاز به مطالعات بیشتر در این زمینه می باشد

The Effect of Ondansetron on Reducing Nausea Caused By Ketamine in Pediatric Patients Visiting Emergency Department; a Clinical Trial

Introduction: Nausea is a common side effect of ketamine in pediatric sedation and the controversy is still ongoing regarding use of anti-nausea drugs with ketamine to reduce this side effect. Thus, the present study was done aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of ondansetron in controlling the nausea caused by intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) use of ketamine in pediatric sedation and analgesia. Methods: In the present single-blind randomized clinical trial, 1-18 year old children in need of sedation were divided into 4 treatment groups of IV ketamine, IM ketamine, IV ketamine and ondansetron, and IM ketamine and ondansetron, and prevalence of nausea and vomiting was compared between the groups as the main outcome of the study. Results: 120 children were studied (the most common age group 2-7 years 66.7%; 65.8% male). 18 (15.0%) patients were affected with nausea and vomiting. The prevalence of nausea in IV ketamine, IM ketamine, IV ketamine and ondansetron, and IM ketamine and ondansetron groups was 26.7%, 16.7%, 6.7% and 10.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the 4 studied groups regarding rate of nausea (p = 0.17). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it seems that using ondansetron along with ketamine does not reduce nausea. Contradiction between studies is indicative of the need for further studies in this regard

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression profiles under drought stress in tolerant, intermediate, and susceptible wheat genotypes

Drought is a common abiotic stress that influences crop production to a large extent all over the world. Wheat crop experiences drought at main stages during its life cycle, which induces oxidative stress in the plants. The antioxidant mechanisms of the plant have a significant role in providing tolerance against the water stress. The objective of this work was to investigate the antioxidant activity and transcript profile of antioxidant enzyme related genes in three wheat genotypes to be TN4228 (drought tolerant), TN1399 (moderately tolerant) and TN3737 (susceptible) at control [80% Field capacity (FC)] medium (40% FC) and severe stress (25% FC). Water-limited conditions led to a decrease in relative water content (RWC). However, drought increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)]. In addition, we observed the enhancement of the delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), CAT, APX and SOD gene expressions at drought stress conditions. Both moderate and severe stresses caused genotype-specific responses, which were dependent on stress severity. According to drought stress and defense systems in TN4228, it was obtained that the engaged genes and enzymes play significant roles in defense responses and could be viable targets to determine the level of drought tolerance

Zero Case of COVID-19: Where? When? And Who? Pneumonia Consistent with COVID-19 in Iran before the First Confirmed Case of the Disease in the World: A Case Report

Identifying and determining the origin of the first human case of COVID-19, which has caused pandemic will be of great benefit in preventing and controlling next epidemics and pandemics. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in December 2019 in China. This article reports three cases of pneumonia compliant with COVID-19 admitted to Qaemshahr Razi Hospital in Mazandaran province, Iran before the first official report of confirmed case of the disease (November-December 2019). The pattern of radiological involvement was completely consistent with COVID-19 in all three patients. Two patients died of acute progressive respiratory failure despite supportive respiratory therapy and systemic corticosteroids, and the other patient recovered. Study of these cases highlights the fact that emerging and re-emerging diseases should be considered in management of patients with infection and unusual symptoms