Investigating the Relationship between the Soul and Body from the Point of View of the Iranian Thinkers (Mulla Sadra, Javadi Amoli and Tabatabai)

زمینه و هدف: رابطه نفس و بدن از جمله مباحث بحث‌برانگیز در علم نفس‌شناسی بین اندیشمندان بوده و هست. عقیده ملاصدرا با بسیاری از اصول مشائین هم‌راستا می‌باشد. وی در مقوله رابطه نفس و بدن اصولی را تدوین نمود، با عناوین: اصالت وجود، تشکیک وجود، حرکت جوهری، ترکیب اتحادی ماده و صورت و وحدت نفس و قوا. ملاصدرا رابطه نفس و بدن را با اصول ذکرشده اثبات می‌کند. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش بر اساس مطالعه کتابخانه ای و از نوع تحلیلی- توصیفی است. یافته ها: . فلسفه ملاصدرا بر اصل «وجود» و تمایز آن از «ماهیت» استوار است. مسأله وجود برای همه افراد با علم حضوری و ادراک شخصی قابل استنباط و دریافت می‌باشد، آنچه تفاوت‌ها را به وجود می‌آورد، ماهیت و ذات می‌باشد، همه رویدادها در اصل مشترک هستند که «وجود» نامیده می‌شود و در خصوصیات متفاوت هستند که «ماهیت» نامیده می‌شود. با این توصیف، وجود قطعاً حقیقی و ماهیت قطعاً نسبی می‌باشد. جوادی آملی معتقد است حقیقت وجود یکی است، اگر این حقیقت با نشانی آشکار یا پنهان نمایان شود، گستره کثرت کنار می‌رود. علامه طباطبایی بر این باور است که نفس، امری وجودی است که فی‌نفسه هم با بدن اتحاد دارد و هم استقلال، به گونه‌ای که انسان از لحظه به وجودآمدن صورت‌های گوناگونی را می‌پذیرد و حیاتی دارد که با شعور و اراده خودش می‌تواند در امور متفاوت دخل و تصرف داشته باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: این سه اندیشمند معتقدند، ارتباط بین نفس و بدن ارتباطی واحد و پیوسته است که اتحاد بینشان را نشان می‌دهد.Background and Aim: The relationship between soul and body is one of the controversial topics in the science of self-knowledge among thinkers. Mulla Sadra’s belief is aligned with many of the principles of the Peripatetics. In the category of the relationship between soul and body, he appointed some principles with the titles: the originality of existence, hesitation in existence, scattered motion, the combination of matter and form and the unity of soul and power. Materials and Methods: This study is based on a descriptive-analytic library study. Findings: Mulla Sadra proves the relationship between soul and body with the above principles. Mulla Sadra’s philosophy is based on the principle of "existence" and its distinction from "nature". The question of "existence" is understandable for all with the knowledge by presence and personal perception and it’s "nature" and "existence" that makes difference, the existence is certainly real and nature is definitely relative. Javadi Amoli believes that the truth of existence is unique. If this fact is reveal by the clear or hidden address, reduces the number of options. Tabatabai believes that the soul is an existential matter that having alliance with body besides having independency, somehow that human from the moment of the creation accept various forms and having a life that participate in with intelligence and will. Conclusion: it is deduced These three thinkers believes that the relationship between soul and body is unit and continuous that shows their union.   Please cite this article as: Rajabnejad MR, Majidi A. Investigating the Relationship between the Soul and Body from the Point of View of the Iranian Thinkers (Mulla Sadra, Javadi Amoli and Tabatabai). Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 23-32

Oral hygiene status in a general population of Iran, 2011: a key lifestyle marker in relation to common risk factors of non-communicable diseases

Background: To estimate Oral Hygiene (OH) status in the Iranian population in 2011, and to determine the influence of socio-economic characteristics on OH, and its interrelation with common risk factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Methods: Data including a total of 12,105 individuals aged 6-70 years were obtained from the sixth round of the surveys of NCDs risk factors in Iran. OH was recorded through a structured questionnaire measuring daily frequencies of tooth brushing and dental flossing. Descriptive analyses were performed on demographic characteristics in the complex sample survey setting. We also employed weighted binary logistic regression to compute Odds Ratio (OR) as a measure of association between the response and explanatory factors. Furthermore, to construct an asset index, we utilized Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The percentage with minimum recommended daily OH practices was 3.7% among men and 7.7% among women (OR= 2.3; P < 0.001). Urban citizens were more likely to have their teeth cleaned compared to rural people (OR= 2.8; P < 0.001). For both genders, a relatively better condition was observed in the 25–34 age group (male: 5.6%; female: 10.3%). In addition, OH status improved significantly by increase in both level of education ( P < 0.001) and economic status ( P < 0.001). There were also apparent associations between self-care practices and specific behavioral risk factors, though the correlation with dietary habits and tobacco use could be largely explained by socio-economic factors. Conclusion: OH situation in Iran calls for urgent need to assign proper interventions and strategies toward raising public awareness and reducing disparities in access to health facilities

Multimorbidity as an important issue among women: results of gender difference investigation in a large population-based cross-sectional study in West Asia

Objectives: To investigate the impact of gender on multimorbidity in northern Iran. Design: A cross-sectional analysis of the Golestan cohort data. Setting: Golestan Province, Iran. Study population: 49 946 residents (age 40–75 years) of Golestan Province, Iran. Main outcome measures: Researchers collected data related to multimorbidity, defined as co-existence of two or more chronic diseases in an individual, at the beginning of a representative cohort study which recruited its participants from 2004 to 2008. The researchers utilised simple and multiple Poisson regression models with robust variances to examine the simultaneous effects of multiple factors. Results: Women had a 25.0% prevalence of multimorbidity, whereas men had a 13.4% prevalence (p&#60;0.001). Women of all age-groups had a higher prevalence of multimorbidity. Of note, multimorbidity began at a lower age (40–49 years) in women (17.3%) compared with men (8.6%) of the same age (p&#60;0.001). This study identified significant interactions between gender as well as socioeconomic status, ethnicity, physical activity, marital status, education level and smoking (p&#60;0.01). Conclusion: Prevention and control of multimorbidity requires health promotion programmes to increase public awareness about the modifiable risk factors, particularly among women

Priority Setting for Improvement of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Iran

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Organized cervical screening and vaccination against human papilloma virus (HPV) have been successful interventions for prevention of invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Because of cultural and religious considerations, ICC has low incidence in Iran and many other Muslim countries. There is no organized cervical screening in these countries. Therefore, ICC is usually diagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis in these countries. We performed a priority setting exercise and suggested priorities for prevention of ICC in this setting. Methods: We invited experts and researchers to a workshop and asked them to list important suggestions for ICC prevention in Iran. After merging similar items and removing the duplicates, we asked the experts to rank the list of suggested items. We used a strategy grid and Go-zone analysis to determine final list of priorities for ICC prevention in Iran. Results: From 26 final items suggested as priorities for prevention of ICC, the most important priorities were developing national guidelines for cervical screening and quality control protocol for patient follow-up and management of precancerous lesions. In addition, we emphasized considering insurance coverage for cervical screening, public awareness, and research priorities, and establishment of a cervical screening registry. Conclusion: A comprehensive approach and implementation of organized cervical screening program is necessary for prevention of ICC in Iran and other low incidence Muslim countries. Because of high cost for vaccination and low incidence of cervical cancer, we do not recommend HPV vaccination for the time being in Iran

Oral Hygiene Status in a General Population of Iran, 2011: A Key Lifestyle Marker in Relation to Common Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases

Background: To estimate Oral Hygiene (OH) status in the Iranian population in 2011, and to determine the influence of socio-economic characteristics on OH, and its interrelation with common risk factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Methods: Data including a total of 12,105 individuals aged 6-70 years were obtained from the sixth round of the surveys of NCDs risk factors in Iran. OH was recorded through a structured questionnaire measuring daily frequencies of tooth brushing and dental flossing. Descriptive analyses were performed on demographic characteristics in the complex sample survey setting. We also employed weighted binary logistic regression to compute Odds Ratio (OR) as a measure of association between the response and explanatory factors. Furthermore, to construct an asset index, we utilized Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The percentage with minimum recommended daily OH practices was 3.7% among men and 7.7% among women (OR= 2.3; P< 0.001). Urban citizens were more likely to have their teeth cleaned compared to rural people (OR= 2.8; P< 0.001). For both genders, a relatively better condition was observed in the 25–34 age group (male: 5.6%; female: 10.3%). In addition, OH status improved significantly by increase in both level of education (P< 0.001) and economic status (P< 0.001). There were also apparent associations between self-care practices and specific behavioral risk factors, though the correlation with dietary habits and tobacco use could be largely explained by socio-economic factors. Conclusion:OH situation in Iran calls for urgent need to assign proper interventions and strategies toward raising public awareness and reducing disparities in access to health facilities

Quranic Citations of Imam Reza (AS) in Explaining the Distinction Between Etrat and the Nation in a Debate with Ma'mun

Debate is a suitable style of explaining and disseminating divine teachings in dealing with the views and ideas of opponents of Islam, which has been given attention in the scientific and practical school of Ahl al-Bayt (pbut), including Imam Reza (pbuh). Among the important debates between Imam Reza (pbuh) and Ma’mun, one of the issues has been Etrat and the nation and the differences between them, in which Imam Reza (pbuh) considers etrat as Ahl al-Bayt (pbut) including Lady Fatima (pbuh) and the twelve Infallibles who are God’s chosen ones on Earth and are at a higher level regarding dignity, righteousness and obedience to God compared to the nation, and the nation is ordered to follow them as a divine responsibility. The purpose of this study is to understand the difference between and the nation according to the debate between Imam Reza (pbuh) and Ma'mun around this problem. The key question, that the authors are trying to answer by citing researches and investigating into the matter via library resources, is whether there is a distinction between the nation and etrat? If so, what are the aspects of this difference? Therefore, definitions such as nation, etrat, family etc. are considered based on this debate, and eventually, the result from this debate regarding the difference between the nation and etrat is their acquaintance with the character of Imams and their attention to the above mentioned points which leads to the fact that etrat are people chosen from the nation, they are chosen by God in order to rule the nation after the Prophet (pbuh)

Acute respiratory tract infection and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Observational studies and randomised controlled studies suggest that vitamin D plays a role in the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI); however, findings are inconsistent and the optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration remains unclear. To review the link between 25(OH)D concentration and ARTI, we searched PubMed and EMBASE databases to identify observational studies reporting the association between 25(OH)D concentration and risk or severity of ARTI. We used random-effects meta-analysis to pool findings across studies. Twenty-four studies were included in the review, 14 were included in the meta-analysis of ARTI risk and five in the meta-analysis of severity. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with risk and severity of ARTI; pooled odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.83 (1.42-2.37) and 2.46 (1.65-3.66), respectively, comparing the lowest with the highest 25(OH)D category. For each 10 nmol/L decrease in 25(OH)D concentration, the odds of ARTI increased by 1.02 (0.97-1.07). This was a non-linear trend, with the sharpest increase in risk of ARTI occurring at 25(OH)D concentration < 37.5 nmol/L. In conclusion, there is an inverse non-linear association between 25(OH)D concentration and ARTI

knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers of 6-36 months infants in Khoramabad health centers on proper feeding (in 2015)

Background : The most important factors affecting nutritional status of infants and its improvement is mothers&rsquo; knowledge, attitude and practice regarding proper nutrition of their children. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and behavior practice of mothers having children of 6-36 months in health centers of Khorramabad on proper feeding of their children. Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional descriptive-analytic study , information of 302 mothers of 6-36 months children referred to health centers in Khorramabad were collected thorough maternal health records and interview records , and data were analyzed using&nbsp; SPSS 21 software, chi-square test, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Based on the findings and obtained scores by mothers, 69.9% of &nbsp;the women had good knowledge,69.9% had good attitude and 64.6% had good practice on proper nutrition for their children. There was a significant relationship between mothers&rsquo; attitude and education, fathers&rsquo; education and mothers&rsquo; occupation. There was a significant relationship between fathers&rsquo; level of practice, job, number of children, and birth order. There was no significant relationship between the attention level to mass media and attitude and knowledge score, but there was a significant correlation with practice. There was no significant relationship between mothers&rsquo; knowledge and education, fathers&rsquo; education, mothers&rsquo; job, fathers&rsquo; job, income, number of children and birth order. Conclusion: According to the results, the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in mothers is in a good level, but due to the potentional role of father in mother,s practice, it seems that a family based educational programs in health centers, hospitals and mass media is necessary

Inflammatory potential of diet and mortality in Australian adults

Objective: Inflammation is implicated in chronic diseases including cancer and CVD, which are major causes of mortality. Diet can influence inflammation status. We therefore examined whether the inflammatory potential of a person's diet is associated with mortality. Design: The inflammatory potential of the usual diet was assessed by calculating Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores from repeated FFQ data (collected in 1992, 1994 and 1996), placing each participant's diet on a continuum from anti- to pro-inflammatory. DII scores were analysed as a continuous variable and as categories by creating quartile groups. Death registry data were used to ascertain all-cause mortality and separately mortality from CVD, cancers and other causes between 1992 and 2022. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % CI, comparing higher and lowest quartile groups, or HR change per one DII unit increase. Setting: Nambour, Australia. Participants: A community-based sample of 1440 adults aged 25-75 years. Results: During follow-up, 488 participants died, including 188 from CVD, 151 from cancer and 170 from other causes. Participants in the most pro-inflammatory diet group were at increased risk of all-cause mortality (HRQ4 v. Q1 = 1.55; 95 % CI 1.19, 2.03; P < 0.001) and other-cause mortality (HRQ4 v. Q1 = 1.69; 95 % CI 1.12, 2.54; P 0.01). A one-unit increase in DII score was associated with a 36 % increased risk of CVD among those younger than 55 years of age (HR for a one-unit increase in DII score 1.36, 95 % CI 1.04, 1.78). The risk of cancer mortality was also increased for those with a more pro-inflammatory diet in age ≤ 55 years (HR for a one-unit increase in DII score 1.20, 95 % CI 1.02, 1.40) and age 56-65 years (HR for a one-unit increase in DII score 1.11, 95 % CI 1.00, 1.23). Conclusions: A pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of all-cause mortality. Our results support the promotion of anti-inflammatory diets to help promote longevity.</p

Impacts of morphine addiction on spermatogenesis in rats

Background: There are numerous investigations on wide range of issues that disrupt regulatory spermatogenesis, individuals who are exposed to drug abuse faced infertility and immature spermatogenesis. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the addiction effects of morphine and its derivatives on rats spermatogenesis. Materials and Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups, which were exposed either with intravenous morphine, naloxone, naloxone and morphine, sham (with normal saline injection) and a control group without infusion. Spermatogenesis was assessed after three months via histological sections with hematoxylin and eosin staining, using a light microscope based on measurement of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and spermatozoa. Results: Those rats that received opioids had changes in spermatogenesis function. The population of spermatogenesis cycle cells at spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and spermatozoa stages was significantly decreased in those rats that received opioid in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Histological studies revealed that changes in different groups of opioid application might affect sperm formation. Sperm count in morphine group was (0±0) and in naloxone group, naloxone+morphine, sham and control were 235±3.77, 220±3.81, 247.12±6.10 and 250±6.54, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Morphine could affect all spermatogenesis stage