IKRIMAH INTERPRETIVE PRINCIPLES (PRINCIPLES MONITORING DOCUMENT)

Abstract. Interpretive principles of each interpreter are called his attitudes and mental statements toward Quran’s interpretation that shows his vision and insight to Quran’s interpretation science and interpretation features. Considering contextual nature of Quran, Ikrimah principles in interpretation are divided into two categories of monitoring document and monitoring context that this article only explains Ikrimah principles in the field of monitoring document principles. In this field, Ikrimah interpretive narrations show that he has considered Quran as a divine book. This documental basis of Ikrimah toward Quran proves two other sub-principles for him that he has accepted the accuracy of all contents of the Quran and considered it as a wisely book but Ikrimah’s look through Quran documental way also can be found in interpretational narrations that he believed mediating Gabriel in revelation of the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He has known the content of current Quran accurately same as that very Quran which had been revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Therefor he introduces Quran as a book without distortion of coursewith various readings.Key words: principles, interpretive principles, Ikrimah interpretive principles, monitoring document principles and documental principles

THE PREVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA AND ITS PENICILLIN RESISTANCE PATTERN IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS OLD FROM SHAHREKORD, IRAN, 2007

Background and aim: Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of community aquired bacterial respiratory tract infection. It is also a major cause of acute otitis media, bacteremia and meningitis. There is little information on antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumonia in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of throat carrier and penicillin resistant pattern of Streptococcus pneumonia in children with less than five years old who referred to health centers in Shahrekord. Methods: This descriptive – analytic study was carried out from May to September 2007 in Shahrekord. A total of 224 healthy children, age less than 5 years in health care center in Shahrekord city were studied. Pharyngeal samples were collected by sterile swabs and then inoculated on selected media. After 24hr incubation microbiological tests were performed and then Streptococcus pneumonia was recovered by Optochin test. Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney test. Results: 38 out of 224 children (17%), were carriers of Streptococcus pneumonia and its resistance to penicillin was 28.9%. There was significant relationship between age and sex and susceptibility pattern in the children (P<0.05). Conclusion: Penicillin is still an appropriate agent for treatment in Streptococcus pneumonia in our population

Synchronization of Fractional-Order Delayed Neural Networks Using Dynamic-Free Adaptive Sliding Mode Control

In this work, a dynamic-free adaptive sliding mode control (adaptive-SMC) methodology for the synchronization of a specific class of chaotic delayed fractional-order neural network systems in the presence of input saturation is proposed. By incorporating the frequency distributed model (FDM) and the fractional version of the Lyapunov stability theory, a dynamic-free adaptive SMC methodology is designed to effectively overcome the inherent chaotic behavior exhibited by the delayed FONNSs to achieve synchronization. Notably, the decoupling of the control laws from the nonlinear/linear dynamical components of the system is ensured, taking advantage of the norm-boundedness property of the states in chaotic systems. The effectiveness of the suggested adaptive-SMC method for chaos synchronization in delayed fractional-order Hopfield neural network systems is validated through numerical simulations, demonstrating its robustness and efficiency. The proposed dynamic-free adaptive-SMC approach, incorporating the FDM and fractional Lyapunov stability theorem, offers a promising solution for synchronizing chaotic delayed FONNSs with input saturation, with potential applications in various domains requiring synchronization of such systems

Incidence of primary hypothyroidism in patients exposed to therapeutic external beam radiation, where radiation portals include a part or whole of the thyroid gland

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a known consequence of external-beam radiotherapy to the neck encompassing a part or whole of the thyroid gland. In this non-randomized prospective study, we have tried to evaluate the response of the thyroid gland to radiation by assessing thyroid function before irradiation and at regular intervals after irradiation. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study were to assess in the cancer patients, who were exposed to the therapeutic external beam radiation, where radiation portals include a part or whole of the thyroid gland: the incidence of primary hypothyroidism, the time required to become hypothyroid, any relation between the total dose for the development of hypothyroidism, and whether there are any patient or treatment-related factors that are predictive for the development of hypothyroidism, including the use of concurrent chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This non-randomized, prospective study was conducted for a period of 2 years in which thyroid function was assessed in 59 patients (cases) of head and neck cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma patients and other malignancies, who had received radiotherapy to the neck region. 59 euthyroid healthy patients (controls) were also taken, who had not received the neck irradiation. These patients/controls were assessed periodically for 2 years. Results: The incidence of hypothyroidism after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to neck where radiation portals include part or whole of the thyroid gland was 16.94%, seven cases had subclinical hypothyroidism (11.86%) and three cases had clinical hypothyroidism (5.08%). Mean time for development of hypothyroidism was 4.5 months. There was no effect of age, gender, primary tumor site, radiation dose and chemotherapy, whether neoadjuvant or concurrent with the development of hypothyroidism. Conclusion: In summary, we found that thyroid dysfunction is a prevalent, yet easily treatable source of morbidity in patients undergoing radiation therapy to neck where radiation portals include a part or whole of the thyroid gland

Molecular typing of HLA-class II alleles reveals an association with autoantibodies and disease subsets of systemic sclerosis in a North Indian (Kashmir) population

Aim of the work: To identify specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Class II (DRB/DQB1/DPB1) alleles associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to explore their relation with SSc autoantibodies, clinical manifestations, and disease subsets. Patients and methods: HLA-class II alleles (DRB1/DRB3/DRB4/DRB5/DQB1) were determined by DNA typing in 80 SSc cases and 60 matched controls and HLA-DPB1 in 40 SSc patients and 30 controls by allele-specific-polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Results: The mean age of SSc patients was 36.9 ± 9.4 years; 76 females and 4 males (F:M 19:1) and a disease duration of 5.3 ± 3.3 years, they were 43(53.7%) limited and 37(46.2%) diffuse subtypes. SSc was significantly associated with DRB1*11, DRB1*01, DQB1*04, and DQB1*03*03 in a >4-fold manner, whereas DPB1*04 had a >7-fold increased risk compared to controls. There was a strong association between DRB1*11 (p = 0.04), DQB1*03*03 (p = 0.005), and DPB1*13 (p = 0.009) with anti-topoisomerase I (anti-topoI) whereas the frequency of DRB1*01 (p < 0.0001) was increased in patients with anti-centromere (ACA) positive SSc compared those negative (56% vs 25%; p < 0.0001). DRB1*03, DRB1*15, and DQB1*03*01 were SSc protective alleles in patients with positive ACA. Anti-topo I was associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (p < 0.01), whereas ACA with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (p = 0.01) and protection against ILD (p < 0.001). In addition, HLA-DRB1*03, DQB1*03*01and DPB1*03 were more frequent in patients with ILD than in patients without. Conclusion: Associations between specific HLA-class II alleles with certain SSc-specific autoantibodies (anti-topo I and ACA) were identified. Specific HLA associations with clinical and serological subtypes could serve as biomarkers of disease severity and progression in SSc

Template-Assisted Mechanosynthesis Leading to Benchmark Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in the Production of Bifunctional Fe-N-C Electrocatalysts

Efficient and sustainable synthesis of performant metal/nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is vital for the global switch to green energy technologies-fuel cells and metal-air batteries. This study reports a solid-phase template-assisted mechanosynthesis of Fe-N-C, featuring low-cost and sustainable FeCl3, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), and NaCl. A NaCl-templated Fe-TPTZ metal-organic material was formed using facile liquid-assisted grinding/compression. With NaCl, the Fe-TPTZ template-induced stability allows for a rapid, thus, energy-efficient pyrolysis. Among the produced materials, 3D-FeNC-LAG exhibits remarkable performance in ORR (E1/2 = 0.85 V and Eonset = 1.00 V), OER (Ej=10 = 1.73 V), and in the zinc-air battery test (power density of 139 mW cm-2). The multilayer stream mapping (MSM) framework is presented as a tool for creating a sustainability assessment protocol for the catalyst production process. MSM employs time, cost, resource, and energy efficiency as technoeconomic sustainability metrics to assess the potential upstream impact. MSM analysis shows that the 3D-FeNC-LAG synthesis exhibits 90% overall process efficiency and 97.67% cost efficiency. The proposed synthetic protocol requires 2 times less processing time and 3 times less energy without compromising the catalyst efficiency, superior to the most advanced methods.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Team Peyman Taher

Template-Assisted Mechanosynthesis Leading to Benchmark Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in the Production of Bifunctional Fe-N-C Electrocatalysts

Efficient and sustainable synthesis of performant metal/nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is vital for the global switch to green energy technologies-fuel cells and metal-air batteries. This study reports a solid-phase template-assisted mechanosynthesis of Fe-N-C, featuring low-cost and sustainable FeCl3, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), and NaCl. A NaCl-templated Fe-TPTZ metal-organic material was formed using facile liquid-assisted grinding/compression. With NaCl, the Fe-TPTZ template-induced stability allows for a rapid, thus, energy-efficient pyrolysis. Among the produced materials, 3D-FeNC-LAG exhibits remarkable performance in ORR (E1/2 = 0.85 V and Eonset = 1.00 V), OER (Ej=10 = 1.73 V), and in the zinc-air battery test (power density of 139 mW cm-2). The multilayer stream mapping (MSM) framework is presented as a tool for creating a sustainability assessment protocol for the catalyst production process. MSM employs time, cost, resource, and energy efficiency as technoeconomic sustainability metrics to assess the potential upstream impact. MSM analysis shows that the 3D-FeNC-LAG synthesis exhibits 90% overall process efficiency and 97.67% cost efficiency. The proposed synthetic protocol requires 2 times less processing time and 3 times less energy without compromising the catalyst efficiency, superior to the most advanced methods.</p