Überzeugungen und kenntnisse einer gelegenheitsprobe von medizinstudenten über körperstrafe bei kindern

Suvremena istraživanja ukazuju kako tjelesno kažnjavanje slabi mentalno zdravlje, kvalitetu odnosa roditelj-dijete, samokontrolu i moralne standarde, a poja-čava agresivnost, delinkvenciju i antisocijalno ponašanje. U Hrvatskoj je zakonom zabranjeno od 1998. godine. Ipak, u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi psiholog se su-sreće s djecom koju roditelji tjelesno kažnjavaju,ali i s pitanjima zdravstvenih djelat-nika o djelotvornosti tjelesne kazne. Stručnjaci u zdravstvu koji rade s djecom imaju mogućnosti razgovarati s roditeljima o odgoju djeteta, a znanjem i stavovima utje-cati na roditeljska uvjerenja o načinima discipliniranja. S obzirom na to kako liječ-nici mogu biti izvor informacija i podrške roditeljstvu, cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati mišljenja i znanja o tjelesnom kažnjavanju budućih liječnika. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 62 studenta pete godine medicine. Primijenjeni su Skala uvjerenja o opravdanosti i djelotvornosti tjelesnog kažnjavanja, pitanja za procjenu uvjerenja o posljedicama verbalnog i tjelesnog kažnjavanja i Skala stavova okoline prema tjele-snom kažnjavanju (sve Pećnik i Tokić, 2011). Glavni rezultati pokazali su kako se trećina studenata slaže s tvrdnjom da dijete treba nekad dobiti batine. Ukupno 43% studenata zna da je u Hrvatskoj tjelesno kažnjavanje zakonom zabranjeno, 25,8% odgovorilo je da nije sigurno treba li se treća osoba umiješati ako roditelj udari dije-te, a 34% ih misli da se vjerojatno ne treba miješati. Stavove liječnika prema tjeles-nom kažnjavanju studenti medicine u prosjeku percipiraju kao „ni za ni protiv“, a stavove pedagoga, psihologa i socijalnih radnika percipiraju kao stavove stručnjaka koji su protiv tjelesnog kažnjavanja. Rezultati pokazuju kako stavovi i znanja dijela studenata medicine nisu usklađeni s važećim zakonima i spoznajama o tjelesnom kažnjavanju. Odgovori su poticajni za opsežnija ispitivanja, ali i edukacije u medici-ni o podržavajućem roditeljstvu koje unapređuje zdravlje djeteta i kvalitetu života obitelji, dok se primijenjene skale mogu koristiti za senzibilizaciju i razgovore o ponašanjima roditelja koja nose potencijalnu štetu djetetovu razvoju i dostojanstvu.Modern research has shown that corporal punishment affects and weakens mental health, the quality of the parent–child relationship, self-control and moral standards, while it enhances aggression, delinquency and antisocial behavior. It has been prohibited by law in Croatia since 1998. Nevertheless, in everyday clinical practice, psychologists deal with children who have been corporally punished by their parents, as well as with questions raised by health professionals on the effectiveness of corporal punishments. Health professionals who work with children, have the possibility to talk to parents about the child\u27s upbringing, thus, their knowledge and standpoints can influence the parents\u27 views on keeping children disciplined. Since physicians can be a source of information and support to parents, the aim of this research is to question beliefs and knowledge of prospective physicians on corporal punishment. There were 62 fifth-year medical students participating in the research. The following questionnaires were applied: Beliefs on justifiability and efficacy of corporal punishment, Beliefs on consequences of verbal and corporal punishment and Standpoints of community regarding corporal punishment (Pećnik and Tokić, 2011). The main results have shown that one third of the students approve of an assumption that a child should sometimes get spanked. In total, 43.5% of students are familiar with the fact that corporal punishment is prohibited by law in Croatia, about 25.8% of them answered that they are uncertain if a third person should interfere when it comes to child punishment, and if a parent should hit a child, but 34% of the students think that no one should interfere. They consider physicians\u27 standpoint towards corporal punishment on average to be \u27\u27neither pro nor con\u27\u27, and consider pedagogues, psychologists and social workers as experts who are against corporal punishment. The results have shown that standpoints and views of part of the medical students are not in conformity with applicable laws and the knowledge of corporal punishment. The responses can serve as an incentive for more extensive medical research, as well as education on supportive parenting which improves children\u27s health and family life quality, and the questionnaires can be applied raise awareness and discuss parental behavior bearing a potential harm to child development and dignity.Aktuelle Forschungsprojekte belegen, dass körperliche Züchtigung die psychische Gesundheit schwächt, die Beziehung zwischen Eltern und Kind, die Selbstkontrolle und moralische Normen beeinträchtigt sowie Aggressivität, Delinquenz und antisoziales Verhalten verstärkt. In Kroatien ist Körperstrafe seit 1998 gesetzlich verboten. Dennoch treffen Psychologen in ihrem Berufsalltag ständig auf Kinder, die von ihren Eltern körperlich gezüchtigt werden, oder sie werden von Mitarbeitern über die Effizienz körperlicher Züchtigung befragt. Fachleute aus dem Gesundheitssektor, die mit Kindern arbeiten, haben die Möglichkeit, mit Eltern über Kindererziehung zu sprechen. Mithilfe ihrer Kenntnisse und Einstellungen können sie auf die Überzeugungen der Eltern bezüglich Fragen von Disziplinierung Einfluss nehmen. Da Ärzte eine wichtige Informationsquelle und Unterstützung für Eltern sein können, war das Ziel dieser Studie, zukünftige Ärzte über ihre Meinung und ihre Kenntnisse über Körperstrafe zu befragen. An der Studie nahmen 62 Studenten des 5. Studienjahrs Medizin teil. Angewandt wurden folgende Fragebögen: die Skala über die Überzeugung von der Rechtfertigung und Effizienz von Körperstrafe, Fragen zur Bewertung der Einstellung gegenüber den Folgen verbaler und körperlicher Züchtigung, die Skala über die Einstellung der Umgebung gegenüber körperlicher Züchtigung (alle nach Pećnik und Tokić, 2011). Die Umfragen haben ergeben, dass ein Drittel der Studenten mit der Behauptung überstimmt, dass Kinder manchmal körperlich bestraft werden sollten. 43% der Studenten weiß, dass in Kroatien Körperstrafe gesetzlich verboten ist. 25,8% Studenten antworteten, dass sie nicht sicher wären, ob sich Außenstehende einmischen sollten, wenn ein Elternteil sein Kind schlägt, während 34% glauben, dass man sich wahrscheinlich nicht einmischen sollte. Die Einstellung von Ärzten gegenüber körperlicher Züchtigung perzipieren die Medizinstudenten eher als „weder dafür, noch dagegen“, die Einstellung von Pädagogen, Psychologen und Sozialarbeitern perzipieren sie allerdings als Überzeugungen von Fachleuten, die gegen Körperstrafe sind. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Überzeugungen und Kenntnisse eines Teils der Medizinstudenten nicht im Einklang stehen mit dem gängigen Gesetz und den aktuellen Erkenntnissen über Körperstrafe. Die Antworten der Probanden motivieren zu umfangreicheren Forschungsarbeiten, aber auch zur Edukation im Laufe des Medizinstudiums in Richtung autoritativer Elternschaft, die die Gesundheit des Kindes und die Lebensqualität der Familie verbessert. Die in den Fragebögen angewandten Skalen können hilfreich sein bei der Sensibilisierung der Eltern und bei Gesprächen über das nachteilige Verhalten der Eltern gegenüber ihren Kindern, das der Entwicklung des Kindes und seiner Würde nur schaden kann

Benotung von Kindern mit Lese- und Schreibschwäche: Bewerten wir Kenntnisse oder Fähigkeiten?

Cilj je istraživanja bio dobiti procjenu stručnog suradnika logopeda o najučestalijim teškoćama u čitanju i pisanju kod učenika s disleksijom i disgrafijom (N=7) jedne osnovne škole te ispitati koliko se njihovi učitelji i nastavnici (N=9) pridržavaju općih pedagoških načela i kriterija ocjenjivanja. Rezultati istraživanja na individualnoj i skupnoj razini pokazali su da se najučestalije teškoće u čitanju i pisanju odnose na zamjene grafički sličnih slova (b-d, b-p, m-n, n-u. a-e, s-z. š-ž) i zamjene slogova (on-no, ej-je, mi-im) te teškoće u povezivanju glasova i slogova u riječi. Ispitani se učitelji i nastavnici najčešće pridržavaju pedagoških načela, odrednica i kriterija ocjenjivanja. Naglasak stavljaju na ishode i proces učenja, a ne na sposobnosti odnosno teškoće uzrokovane poremećajem. Učitelji najveću pozornost pridaju školskom ozračju (AS=4), a nastavnici postavljanju jasnih ciljeva i očekivanja (AS=3,75). Analiza rezultata pokazala je da osobni i socijalni razvoj ispitanih učenika treba više poticati, omogućiti im kontinuirano učenje socijalnih vještina te primjenjivati različite vrste praćenja, vrednovanja i ocjenjivanja jer te su kategorije najslabije procijenjene od ispitanih.The aim of this study was to obtain a speech therapist’s evaluation of the most common reading and writing difficulties of dyslexic and dysgraphic children (N=7) in one primary school, and to examine the extent to which their class and subject teachers (N=9) follow general pedagogical principles and assessment criteria. Research results on individual and group level have shown that the most common reading and writing difficulties are related to the substitution of graphically similar letters (b-d, b-p, m-n, n-u. a-e, s-z, š-ž), syllables (on-no, ej-je, mi-im) and connecting sounds and syllables into words. The interviewed teachers generally follow pedagogical principles, guidelines and assessment criteria. They place emphasis on learning outcomes and the learning process instead on abilities, or difficulties caused by disorders. Class teachers place greatest emphasis on class atmosphere (AS=4) whereas subject teachers value clear goals and expectations the most (AS=3,75). The result analysis has revealed that personal and social development of tested students needs to be encouraged more, that continuous learning of social skills needs to be enabled and various types of monitoring, evaluation and assessment applied, because these are the least favourably assessed categories by the respondents.Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Einschätzung einer logopädischen Fachkraft über die häufigsten Probleme beim Lesen und Schreiben von Schülern mit Dyslexie und Dysgraphie (N=7) einer Grundschule, sowie die Untersuchung, inwieweit sich ihre (Grundschul)lehrer (N=9) an die allgemeinen pädagogischen Prinzipien und Bewertungskriterien halten. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse auf der Einzel- und Gruppenebene haben gezeigt, dass die häufigsten Probleme beim Lesen und Schreiben im Zusammenhang mit der Verwechslung von graphisch ähnlichen Buchstaben (b-d, b-p, m-n, n-u. a-e, s-z. š-ž) und der Silbenverwechslung (on-no, ejje, mi-im) stehen, sowie mit Schwierigkeiten bei der Verbindung von Stimme und Silbe in Wörtern. Die befragten Lehrer halten sich in der Regel an pädagogische Grundsätze, Leitlinien und Bewertungskriterien. Die Betonung wird auf Lernergebnisse und den Lernprozess gelegt, und nicht auf die Fähigkeiten bzw. die durch Störungen verursachte Schwierigkeiten. Die Grundschullehrer schenken dem Schulklima die gröβte Aufmerksamkeit (AS=4), und andere Lehrer der klaren Zielsetzung und Erwartungen (AS=3,75). Die Ergebnisanalyse zeigte, dass die persönliche und die soziale Entwicklung der befragten Schüler mehr gefördert werden sollte, ihnen sollte das kontinuierliche Lernen der sozialen Kompetenzen ermöglicht werden, sowie es sollten unterschiedliche Arten der Begleitung, Evaluation und Benotung angewendet werden, denn das sind die am schlechtesten eingeschätzten Kategorien der Befragten

Morbidity Trends of Elderly People Registered in Croatian Family Practice: A Longitudinal Study Based on Routinely Collected Data

The research aim was to determine the overall morbidity trends in Croatian elderly population. The morbidity data recorded in family practice (FP) were extracted from Croatian Health Service Yearbooks for the years 1995–2012. The percentage of diagnoses in elderly people registered in FM was always higher then their shares in overall population, and with increased trend by 121%. The most frequently registered diagnostic groups were cardiovascular and neoplasms, followed by the groups of endocrine, urogenital and musculoskeletal diseases. The less frequently registered were the groups of infectious disease, injuries and ear diseases. However, the situation is somewhat different when looking at the amount of the increase. The Z codes increased the most, followed by endocrine diseases and neoplasms. Again, the less pronounced increase was observed in the groups of respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal, infectious diseases and injuries. The growing number of the older people and changing morbidity patterns will obviously influence both the entire society and the health care system. A new clinical and cost effective models of practice would be needed as well as the different models of personnel training

Epigenetics and testicular germ cell tumors

Malignant testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most frequent testicular cancers in Caucasian males, developing at the most productive age of man. We are briefly reviewing TGCT-tumorigenesis with an emphasis on epigenetics. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications together with RNA interference that all change gene expression are driving early spermatogenesis. Deregulation of normal development might lead to a testicular germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), from which TGCTs originate. The breakthrough epigenetic research, both in normal development and TGCT tumorigenesis, has been going on to find better biomarkers and therapy for this type of tumors

Autophagy Modulation in Cancer: Current Knowledge on Action and Therapy

In the last two decades, accumulating evidence pointed to the importance of autophagy in various human diseases. As an essential evolutionary catabolic process of cytoplasmatic component digestion, it is generally believed that modulating autophagic activity, through targeting specific regulatory actors in the core autophagy machinery, may impact disease processes. Both autophagy upregulation and downregulation have been found in cancers, suggesting its dual oncogenic and tumor suppressor properties during malignant transformation. Identification of the key autophagy targets is essential for the development of new therapeutic agents. Despite this great potential, no therapies are currently available that specifically focus on autophagy modulation. Although drugs like rapamycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and others act as autophagy modulators, they were not originally developed for this purpose. Thus, autophagy may represent a new and promising pharmacologic target for future drug development and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Here, we summarize our current knowledge in regard to the interplay between autophagy and malignancy in the most significant tumor types: pancreatic, breast, hepatocellular, colorectal, and lung cancer, which have been studied in respect to autophagy manipulation as a promising therapeutic strategy. Finally, we present an overview of the most recent advances in therapeutic strategies involving autophagy modulators in cancer

Trends in the Use of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Croatia between 1995 and 2012

Until now, there have been no published researches evaluating referrals from family doctors (FDs) or utilizations of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) in Croatia. The main study aim was of determining the referral trend and the trends in the number of PMR consultations. The data were collected from the Croatian Health Statistics Yearbook, 1995–2012. The results of this study pointed out to the large number of FDs referrals as well as the large number of consultations performed in PMR: about 11% of all specialists’ consultations, or the first rank in 2012. While the number of referrals decreased until 2008, the number PNR consultations continuously increased. In the same time the number of the musculoskeletal diagnosed registered by FDs also increased. The geographical variations were observed too. The new researches are needed to get deeper inside in the problem of PMR utilization

ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH PAINFUL SOMATIC COMPLAINTS

Cilj istraživanja je bio procijeniti razinu i strukturu anksioznosti i depresivnosti djece i mladih s ponavljanim bolnim tjelesnim tegobama (1) i usporediti ih s vrijednostima normativnog uzorka (2), usporediti bolesnike s pojedinačnim i one s višestrukim tjelesnim tegobama te (3) ispitati proporciju klinički značajno anksioznih i depresivnih bolesnika. Skalom strahova i anksioznosti (SKAD-62) i skalom depresivnosti (SDD) ispitano je 160-ero djece u dobi od 10 do 17 godina, koju su pedijatri uputili psihologu u okviru bolničkog ili ambulantnog liječenja: 57-ero djece s glavoboljama, 24-ero s bolovima u trbuhu, 40-ero s bolovima u prsištu i njih 39-ero s višestrukim tegobama. Rezultati su pokazali kako svi bolesnici imaju sličnu ukupnu razinu anksioznosti i depresivnosti kao i djeca iz normativnog uzorka. Klinički značajna anksioznost registrirana je u 22%, a klinički značajna depresivnost u 4% bolesnika. Najviše je visoko anksiozne djece s bolovima u prsištu (35%), a najmanje s glavoboljama (8,6%). Djeca s višestrukim tjelesnim tegobama ne iskazuju veću anksioznost i depresivnost od one s pojedinačnim tegobama. Između kliničkih skupina iskazana je razlika u dominantnim oblicima anksioznosti: djeca s glavoboljama većinom su separacijski anksiozna, ona s bolovima u trbuhu i u prsištu većinom su anksiozno osjetljiva, a djeca s više tjelesnih tegoba zabrinuta.The aim of this study was to examine the level and different aspects of anxiety and depression in children and youth with recurrent painful somatic complaints and (1) compare them to the norm values of a general population sample, (2) compare the patients with single complaints to patients with multiform somatic complaints and (3) to examine the proportion of clinically significant anxiety and depressive patients. The Fear and Anxiety Scale SKAD-62 and The Depression Scale SDD were applied to 160 children, ages 10 to 17, who were referred by paediatric specialists for psychology assessment under hospital or ambulatory treatment: 56 with headaches, 24 stomach pain sufferers, 40 chest pain sufferer and 39 children with multiple somatic complaints. The results showed that all patients had similar global levels of anxiety and depression as compared to the norm values. Clinically significant anxiety was observed in 22% patients and clinically significant depression in 4% patients. Most anxiety in patients was found in the chest pain group (35%) and less in those with headache (8.6%). Children with multiform complaints are as anxious as single complaint sufferers. A difference was found between clinical samples in different aspects of anxiety symptoms: those with headache were separation anxious, abdominal and chest pain sufferers were more anxiety sensitive, multiform complainers were more worried

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS