Agroecology or modern conventional agriculture? Positions of Argentine rural extensionists

Globally, there is growing concern about the sustainability of agricultural production models. In particular, the environmental impacts and liabilities of the application of the principles of the so-called green revolution. In contrast, agroecology is gaining followers within the framework of a different production model, albeit limited by its lower level of production per unit area. But for any of these models to become a productive practice, it is necessary for it to pass through the sieve of producers' decision-making. Thus, taking into account the key role played by extensionists in producers' decision-making, this article analyzes their personal positioning and that of the institutions they belong to in the context of the contrast between agroecology and conventional agriculture. An online questionnaire was used to survey 583 extensionists working at the National Institute of Agricultural Technology, the Undersecretariat of Family Agriculture and Territorial Development and other institutions in our country. The questionnaire included sociodemographic questions and asked to position oneself and the institution to which one belongs in a five-level Likert-type item in which agroecology and modern conventional agriculture constituted the poles. The results show that, on average, extensionists have a tendency towards the agroecological pole, while they place their institutions in an intermediate position between the two production models. In general, women, those with a degree in the social sciences and those without a university degree have a greater orientation towards agroecology

Norma perversa: transgresión como modelado de legitimidad

Las normas regulan el comportamiento humano principalmente para mantener el orden social. Hay diversos recursos institucionales para poder generar control; Tyler (2006) plantea que una estrategia eficaz para el cumplimiento de las normas es la legitimidad. En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización que jóvenes universitarios realizaron sobre la norma, a partir de un estudio exploratorio. En particular, qué entienden estos por norma, cómo evalúan la relación de los argentinos con ella y su percepción del sistema normativo argentino en general. A partir de grupos focales, se evidenció en los participantes una atribución negativa de la norma en el contexto argentino, una baja confianza institucional, una percepción generalizada de la corrupción y un doble funcionamiento normativo.Norms regulate human behavior, mainly to maintain the social order. There are several institutional resources to control, Tyler (2006) suggest that legitimacy is an effective one to generate obedience. This paper, based on exploratory study, presents the characterization that university student have done about norms. Mainly, which they understand for norms, how they describe the relationship between argentines and norms and which is their general perception of the Argentine regulatory system. The result of focus groups, shows that there are a negative conception of norms in Argentina context, a low institutional confidence, a widespread perception of corruption and double standards normative system.Fil: Beramendi, Maite Regina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicologia. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zubieta, Elena Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicologia. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentin

Identité nationale et des relations interpersonnelles dans une culture où la norme est la transgression

En el marco de un estudio sobre la cultura normativa argentina y sus repercusiones psicosociales, este trabajo busca explorar la percepción que un grupo de estudiantes universitarios posee del cumplimiento de la norma en Argentina y del funcionamiento del sistema normativo, como así también de las relaciones interpersonales que de éstas dinámicas surgen, además de atributos idiosincráticos o identitarios sobre los argentinos que subyacen. Los estudiantes universitarios que participaron en los grupos focales, manifestaron que no confían en las instituciones argentinas, pues conviven normas formales e informales que se contraponen, perciben corrupción e ineficacia institucional, identificaron al argentino con adjetivos más peyorativos que positivos. La falta de confianza interpersonal, junto a una caracterización negativa e individualista del argentino, tienen su correlato en la falta de confianza institucional y en un sistema normativo con dobles estándares.Within the framework of an exploratory study on Argentine normative culture and its psychosocial impact, individual's perception of rules respecting and argentine normative system functioning was analysed, also the relationships produced by these dynamics, and underlined argentine idiosyncratic or identitaries traits College students which participated in the focus groups, when portraying a typical Argentine, used more pejorative than positives adjectives. They expressed that interpersonal trust only emerges when individuals previously know one another personally, resulting a respectful and amiable relationship. The lack of interpersonal trust, with a negative and individualistic characterization of argentine people, have its correlate in the lack of institutional trust together with a double standars normative system.Como parte de um estudo sobre a cultura normativa Argentina e suas implicações psicossociais, este estudo tem como objetivo explorar a percepção de que um grupo de estudantes universitários possui sobre o cumprimento da regra na Argentina e do funcionamento do sistema de regulamentação, bem como das relações interpessoais nestas dinâmicas que surgem, além de atributos idiossincráticos ou identidade de argentinos subjacentes. Os estudantes universiários que participaram nos grupos focais manifestaram que não confíam nas instituições argentinas, pois convivem normas formales e informais que se contrapõem, percebem nelas corrupção e ineficácia institucional, identificaram ao argentino com adjetivos mais pejorativos que positivos. A falta de confiança interpessoal, junto a uma caracterização negativa e individualista do argentino tem seu correlato na falta de confiança institucional e num sistema normativo com duplos estândares.Dans le cadre d'une étude sur la culture normative en Argentine et ses conséquences psychosociales, cet article vise à explorer la perception qu'un groupe d'étudiants universitaires ont sur le'respect de la règle en Argentine, du fonctionnement du système de réglementation, ainsi que les relations interpersonnelles qui se posent, au-delà des attributs idiosyncratiques ou identitaires sur les argentins que sont sous-jacents. Les étudiants qui ont participé aux groupes des discussion ont manifesté qu'ils n'ont pas confiance aux institutions en Argentine, parce qu'elles présentent des normes formelles et informelles qui s'opposent. Les étudiants percçoivent la corruption et l'inefficacité institutionnelle. Ils ont identifiés, des argentins avec des adjectifs plus péjoratifs que positifs. Le manque de confiance interpersonnelle, avec une caractérisation négative et individualiste de l'argentin, correlé dans l'absence de confiance institutionnelle et un système normatif avec doubles standards.Fil: Beramendi, Maite Regina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zubieta, Elena Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Construction and validation of the normative system scale perception

El propósito del trabajo es la construcción y validación de la estructura interna y convergente de la Escala de Percepción del Sistema Normativo (epsn). Un segundo propósito es analizar las puntuaciones de la escala epsn en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. La escala evalúa la percepción del funcionamiento del sistema normativo entendiéndolo como un organismo complejo que comprende las normas, las instituciones y a los agentes que las promueven, respaldan y controlan, así como a las creencias y prácticas de los ciudadanos sobre las normas. La escala presenta una consistencia interna satisfactoria (α = .850). El análisis factorial exploratorio generó una estructura de tres dimensiones: Percepción de Falta de Legitimidad, Percepción de Transgresión, y Percepción de Debilidad Normativa. Los resultados de los participantes dan cuenta de una percepción negativa del funcionamiento normativo.Th is work’s main objective is to introduce the Normative System Perception Scale (epsn in Spanish) and its internal structure and convergent validation. As a second objective, it pretends to analyze the epsn’s punctuations in a sample of university students. Th e scale evaluates the perception of the normative system’s operation, understood as a complex organism that includes norms, institutions and the agents that promote, support and control them, as well as the believes and practices that citizens have about norms. Th e scale presents a satisfactory internal consistency (α = .850). Th e exploratory factor analysis generated a three-dimensional structure: Lack of Legitimacy Perception, Transgression Perception and Normative Weakness Perception. Th e results indicate a negative perception of the normative operation.Fil: Beramendi, Maite Regina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zubieta, Elena Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Validação fatorial da escala de percepção do sistema normativo: uma proposta para analisar a transgressão social

In Argentina, like in the rest of Latin America, the perception of transgression and lack of institutional legitimacy are shared beliefs. This tendency to illegal practices corrodes the political, economic and social development of the country. The goals of this study are to validate the structure of the Normative System Perception Scale (EPSN, for its Spanish acronym) and to analyze the perception of the normative system functioning. The sample consisted of 508 Argentinean participants. A selfadministered questionnaire with the Normative System Perception Scale and socio-demographic data was designed. Results show a good goodness-of-fit of the model and the reliability coefficients indicated satisfactory levels of internal consistency (α = .89). The descriptive analysis showed that participants had a negative perception of the normative system performance. Also the findings exhibit that women have a more negative perspective of the normative system than men, and that participants ideologically positioned on the right are more critical than those who are positioned on the left.En Argentina, al igual que en el resto de América Latina, la percepción de la transgresión y la falta de legitimidad institucional son creencias compartidas. Además, la tendencia a realizar prácticas ilegales corroe el desarrollo político, económico y social de un país. Teniendo esto en cuenta, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron validar la estructura de la Escala de Percepción del Sistema Normativo (EPSN) y describir la percepción del funcionamiento del sistema normativo, con una muestra compuesta por 508 participantes argentinos. Para esto se diseñó un cuestionario autoadministrado con la escala EPSN y preguntas sobre datos sociodemográficos. Los resultados muestran una buena bondad de ajuste y coeficientes de fiabilidad que indican una consistencia interna satisfactoria (α = .89), y los análisis descriptivos dan cuenta de que los participantes presentan una percepción negativa del funcionamiento del sistema normativo y, específicamente, que las mujeres tienen una perspectiva más negativa del funcionamiento del sistema normativo que los hombres, y que los participantes posicionados ideológicamente a la derecha son más críticos que los de izquierda.Na Argentina, assim como em toda a América Latina, a percepção da transgressão e da falta de legitimidade institucional são crenças compartilhadas. Além disso, a tendência a realizar práticas ilegais corrói o desenvolvimento político, econômico e social de um país. Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram validar a estrutura da Escala de Percepção do Sistema Normativo (EPSN) e descrever a percepção do funcionamento do sistema normativo, com uma amostra de 508 participantes argentinos. Para isso, desenhou-se um questionário autoadministrado com a escala EPSN e dados sociodemográficos. Os resultados mostram uma bondade de ajuste e coeficientes de confiabilidade que indicam uma consistência interna satisfatória (α=.89), e as análises descritivas evidenciam que os participantes têm uma percepção negativa do funcionamento do sistema normativo e, especificamente, que as mulheres têm uma perspectiva mais negativa do funcionamento do sistema normativo do que os homens; além disso, os participantes posicionados ideologicamente à direita são mais críticos que os posicionados à esquerda

Perverse Rule: Transgression as Legitimacy Modeling

Las normas regulan el comportamiento humano principalmente para mantener el orden social. Hay diversos recursos institucionales para poder generar control; Tyler (2006) plantea que una estrategia eficaz para el cumplimiento de las normas es la legitimidad. En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización que jóvenes universitarios realizaron sobre la norma, a partir de un estudio exploratorio. En particular, qué entienden estos por norma, cómo evalúan la relación de los argentinos con ella y su percepción del sistema normativo argentino en general. A partir de grupos focales, se evidenció en los participantes una atribución negativa de la norma en el contexto argentino, una baja confianza institucional, una percepción generalizada de la corrupción y un doble funcionamiento normativo.Norms regulate human behavior, mainly to maintain the social order. There are several institutional resources to control, Tyler (2006) suggest that legitimacy is an effective one to generate obedience. This paper, based on exploratory study, presents the characterization that university student have done about norms. Mainly, which they understand for norms, how they describe the relationship between argentines and norms and which is their general perception of the Argentine regulatory system. The result of focus groups, shows that there are a negative conception of norms in Argentina context, a low institutional confidence, a widespread perception of corruption and double standards normative system.Fil: Beramendi, Maite Regina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Zubieta, Elena Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Axiological profiles of students from three university careers: discriminant functions of three interpretation of the Schwartz´s theory

Este trabajo busca describir los perfiles axiológicos de los estudiantes de Psicología, Administración de Empresas e Ingeniería de una universidad privada argentina (n = 211). Se analizan las diferencias axiológicas a la luz de tres lecturas propuestas sobre la Teoría de Valores de Schwartz. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes priorizan aquellas dimensiones axiológicas que agrupan los valores de universalismo y benevolencia. Las tres lecturas discriminan los perfiles axiológicos de los estudiantes según carrera, aunque con una capacidad de clasificación limitada. La discrepancia se aprecia entre las dimensiones que contienen los valores de universalismo y benevolencia, y el valor de poder. Asimismo, la diferenciación axiológica según el perfil de la carrera se relaciona con la incidencia del género en ellas.The present study aims to describe axiological profiles of students of psychology, business-administration and engineering from a private university of Buenos Aires, Argentina (n = 211). The axiological differences are analyzed on the three proposal interpretation according to Schwartz´s values. The results show that students prioritized those axiological dimensions which include values of universalism and benevolence, and they attribute less importance. The three interpretations discriminate the axiological profiles of the students according to the career, although with a limited capacity. It´s seen a discrepancy between the dimensions that contain the values of universalism and benevolence, and the value of power. Also, the axiological differentiation from career´s profile is related to the impact of gender on them.Fil: Beramendi, Maite Regina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicologia. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Espinosa, Agustín. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; PerúFil: Ara, Sol. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires"; Argentin

National identity and its relationship with social dominance and tolerance transgression in Buenos Aires' residents (Argentina)

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir y analizar los componentes de la identidad nacional argentina y su relación con la orientación de la dominancia social (ODS) y la tolerancia a la transgresión normativa. Para tal fin, se realizaron encuestas a 170 sujetos que residían en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Conurbano Bonaerense (República Argentina). Los resultados evidencian un grado de identificación medio-alto con la categoría social argentino, a la vez que muestran una autoestima colectiva medio-alta. Los atributos autoestereotípicos que conforman la identidad nacional comprenden tres dimensiones: argentino positivo, argentino negativo y argentino avivado. Esta última dimensión fue la que presentó mayor consenso entre los participantes, lo que sugiere que la viveza es percibida como una interface entre lo negativo y lo positivo por sus características adaptativas y funcionales. Los resultados muestran además que la ODS se relaciona inversamente con los componentes positivos, y directamente con los componentes negativos de la identidad nacional, lo que lleva a pensar que el ser argentino no necesariamente se vincula con el estatus o poder en personas dominantes. Finalmente, en relación con la tolerancia a la transgresión, los niveles de acuerdo con la misma son bajos en la muestra. Las caracterizaciones del argentino negativo y argentino avivado se vinculan con la tolerancia hacia ciertos comportamientos transgresores, especialmente con aquellos considerados menos graves y que no perjudican directamente a terceros.From early beginnings of the last century, the stereotypes and categorizations about the Argentineans where predominantly negative, both for foreigners as for Argentineans themselves (D'adamo & García Beaudoux, 1994). This lack of a positive nationalism has been related to the lack of adherence to the norm and corruption, as well as to the bias towards the European countries shown by the Argentinean society and its members. This negative social self-concept among Argentineans is not unique in the region, in fact, a study carried out in the 90's revealed that most of Latin American countries had negative national identities (Salazar, J. M. & Salazar, M. A., 1998). However, more recent studies carried out in countries such as Peru or Mexico suggest that there might be a shift in some aspects of their national identities, from a mainly negative one to a more ambivalent one, with some positive and some negative aspects. Some of these studies also evidenced certain relations between the national identity and other psychosocial variables such as the social dominance orientation (SDO) and the political ideology. Both high levels of SDO and a right wing political ideology had a negative impact on the different components of the national identity. These results may enlighten the study of the national identity in Argentina, that's why the aim of this study was to describe and analyze some components of the Argentinean national identity and their relationship to SDO and tolerance towards transgressive behaviors. To this end, a survey with 170 residents in Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires and its surroundings was carried out. Results showed middle-high levels of identification and collective self-esteem related to the Argentinean social category. The national self-stereotypes that conform Argentinean identity were gathered in three dimensions: Positive argentine, Negative argentine, and Crafty argentine. The last dimension was the most consensual among participants, suggesting that craftiness is perceived as an interface between the negative and positive self-stereotype dimensions, because of its functionality and adaptability characteristics. The results also showed that the SDO was inversely related to the positive dimension, and directly related to the negative dimension of national identity, which suggests that the Argentine social category is not linked to status or power in dominant people. Finally, scores of tolerance toward normative transgression were low in the sample. However, negative argentine and crafty argentine dimensions were more tolerant toward transgressor behaviors that could be considered less serious and not harmful to others. The results confirm the negative relation between the SDO and the positive national identity, although the causes of this relation are yet to be studied. The research also suggests that there might be a shift in some of the components and expressions of the national identity. As well as in other countries of Latin America, this shift is characterized for its ambivalence between some positive aspects and other negative ones. Perhaps this ambivalence is best characterized by the craftiness, where the negative aspects of norm transgression and individualism meet the positive aspects of social warmth, adaptability and creativity. As for further investigations, it's important to study how the different national identities interact with specific scenarios, and how this interaction has an impact on the individual behavior. Altogether, this kind of research helps to understand the national identity more deeply, and therefore, enlighten us to make a positive change in order to develop a healthy social identity, based on mutual trust and respect.Fil: Monsegur, Santiago. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina ; ArgentinaFil: Espinosa, Agustín. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; PerúFil: Beramendi, Maite Regina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Un análisis sobre la percepción normativa, y su relación con los valores y el bienestar psicosocial

Several authors agree that transgression in Argentina is a common practice rooted and naturalized. , It arises a model which analyzes the perception of the legal system as a complex organism comprising not only the norms themselves, but the institutions and actors involved in it. The objective of the present study is to analyze, from a psychosocial perspective, the relationship between the perception of the normative system, the well-being and the values ​​of workers of the City of Buenos Aires and the Conurbano Bonaerense. A non-experimental, descriptive-correlational study was designed. The sample is intentional, composed of 148 workers. Descriptive analyzes indicate a poor perception of the normative system, values ​​associated with health, survival and personal stability prevail, and a high level of psychosocial well-being. As a novel finding, relations between the negative perception of the normative system and the rest of the variable were not found.Diversos autores coinciden en que la transgresión en la Argentina es una práctica común, arraigada y naturalizada. Se propone un modelo que analiza la percepción del sistema normativo como un organismo complejo que comprende no solo las normas en sí, sino a las instituciones y agentes que intervienen en él. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar, desde una perspectiva psicosocial, la relación entre la percepción del sistema normativo, el bienestar y los valores de trabajadores de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) y el Conurbano Bonaerense. Se diseñó un estudio no-experimental, descriptivo-correlacional. La muestra es intencional, compuesta por 148 trabajadores. Los análisis descriptivos indican una mala percepción del sistema normativo, priman valores asociados a la salud, la supervivencia y la estabilidad personal; y un alto nivel de bienestar psicosocial. Como hallazgo novedoso no se encontraron relaciones entre la percepción del sistema normativo y el resto de las variables