Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Annonaceae) from Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia

The essential oils from the twig and root of Goniothalamus macrophyllus were obtained by hydrodistillation and subjected to Gas Chromatography (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) using CBP-5 capillary column in order to determine their chemical composition. Both twig and root oils and four reference standard compounds (-pinene, linalool, geraniol and geranyl acetate) were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeast and dermatophyte fungi using broth microdilution methods. The GCMS analysis revealed twenty-one and fourteen compounds from twig and root oils which represented 90.0 and 42.5% of the total oils, respectively. The oils were found to possess the following major components: twig: geranyl acetate (45.5%), geraniol (17.0%), linalool (12.7%) and camphene (7.5%); root: cyperene (9.8%), geranyl acetate (9.4%), geraniol (3.4%) and linalool (2.6%). Other components present in appreciable amounts in both essential oils were -pinene (0.8%) and benzaldehyde (0.5%). The root oil exhibited the most notable inhibitory activity (0.3 mg/ml) against Vancomycin intermediate-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (VISA 24), Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. -pinene meanwhile inhibited the bacteria and fungal growth at 0.3 and 2.5 mg/ml. With regards to antimicrobial potential, -pinene superceeds linalool, geraniol and geranyl acetate, respectively.Keywords: Goniothalamus macrophyllus, Annonaceae, essential oils, geranyl acetate, cyperene, geraniol, linalool, -pinene, antimicrobial activityAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(34), pp. 5511-5515, 23 August, 201

Tingkat Parasitisasi Berbagai Parasitoid Telur Nezara Viridula L. pada Tanaman Kedelai

The Parasitism Level of Various Egg Parasitoids Associated with Nezara viridula L. on Soybean PlantationABSTRACT. It is well known that the presence of various egg parasitoids on the green stink bug, Nezara viridula, can decrease the population of this insect pest on soybean plantation. A research has been conducted to observe the parasitism level of various egg parasitoids associated with N. viridula on different stages of soybean plantation. The plant stages used were 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, and 10-12 weeks after planting (WAP), with 6 experimental plot for each stage, and 5 plants for each experimental unit. Three pairs of N. viridula adult then were relased onto each plant which was covered by the gauze cage earlier. When egg were laid, the cage was taken out leaving 2 eggs rafts per plant. These N. viridula eggs then were exposed to parasitoid for three days, before taking them all to the laboratory. The observations were done on the parasitized eggs. The result showed that different stages of soybean plants significantly affected the parasitism level of various egg parasitoids, with 26 to 46% parasitism level. Up to 71.8% of parasitize egg successfully became adult parasitoids. There were four different Hymenoptera egg parasitoids found associated with N. viridula, namely Telenomus sp. (Scelionidae), Gryon sp. (Scelionidae), Mycroteris sp. (Encyrtidae), and Anastatus sp. (Eupelmidae). Due to its abunden (91.5%) on soybean plantation, and its fair sex ratio, Telenomus sp.is believed to have a great potential for future development as a biological control agent on the green stink bug, N. viridula

Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Annonaceae) from Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia

The essential oils from the twig and root of Goniothalamus macrophyllus were obtained by hydrodistillation and subjected to Gas Chromatography (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) using CBP-5 capillary column in order to determine their chemical composition. Both twig and root oils and four reference standard compounds (α-pinene, linalool, geraniol and geranyl acetate) were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeast and dermatophyte fungi using broth microdilution methods. The GCMS analysis revealed twenty-one and fourteen compounds from twig and root oils which represented 90.0 and 42.5% of the total oils, respectively. The oils were found to possess the following major components: twig: geranyl acetate (45.5%), geraniol (17.0%), linalool (12.7%) and camphene (7.5%); root: cyperene (9.8%), geranyl acetate (9.4%), geraniol (3.4%) and linalool (2.6%). Other components present in appreciable amounts in both essential oils were α-pinene (0.8%) and benzaldehyde (0.5%). The root oil exhibited the most notable inhibitory activity (0.3 mg/ml) against Vancomycin intermediate-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (VISA 24), Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. α-pinene meanwhile inhibited the bacteria and fungal growth at 0.3 and 2.5 mg/ml. With regards to antimicrobial potential, α-pinene superceeds linalool, geraniol and geranyl acetate, respectively

Effects of extraction methods on yield and chemical compounds of gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)

Different extraction methods affect the yield and chemical compounds of gaharu oil. Hydrodistillation, Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) methods were studied for their extraction yields and percentages of five specific chemical compounds, namely, 3-phenyl-2-butanone, α-guaiene, a-agarofuran, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol and agarospirol. Chemical compounds were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Results showed that ASE method exhibited the highest oil recovery (2.12%) compared with Soxhlet (1.67%) and hydrodistillation (0.18%). The total percentage of the five chemical compounds were higher in gaharu oil extracted using ASE (21.60%), followed by Soxhlet (9.51%) and hydrodistillation (5.08%) methods. However, hydrodistillation exhibited fewer chemical compounds (only three of five, i.e. a-agarofuran, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol and agarospirol) compared with Soxhlet and ASE methods. ASE was the most suitable method to obtain high amount of gaharu oil containing the five chemical compounds with highest total compound percentage. ASE reduced extraction time, making it a practical method compared with Soxhlet and hydrodistillation