TEMPO DE ARMAZENAMENTO E TEMPERATURA NO COMPORTAMENTO GERMINATIVO DE Schinopsis brasiliensis ENGLER

A temperatura atua intimamente sobre a velocidade de absorção de água e igualmente sobre as reações bioquímicas que determinam tanto a velocidade e uniformidade de germinação. Por conseguinte, a viabilidade das sementes após períodos de armazenamento também pode ser um fator limitante no processo germinativo, minimizando o vigor. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar distintos períodos de armazenamento e temperaturas no comportamento germinativo de sementes de Schinopsis brasiliensis. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5x5, referentes a cinco tempos de armazenamento de sementes de S. brasiliensis armazenados em períodos distintos e cinco temperaturas constantes. Foram utilizados lotes de baraúna com período de armazenamento de 0, 12, 60, 72 e 84 meses, com quatro repetições. Calculou-se a percentagem de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, velocidade média de germinação e índice de Timson. Todos os parâmetros germinativos avaliados foram afetados significativamente. A viabilidade de sementes de S. brasiliensis é decrescida consideravelmente a partir de 12 meses de armazenamento. A temperatura e o tempo de armazenamento são fatores que influenciam diretamente o desenvolvimento inicial de sementes de S. brasiliensis. Palavras-chave: Anacardiaceae; germinação; espécies nativas; viabilidade; Caatinga.   STORAGE TEMPERATURE TIME IN GERMINAL BEHAVIOR Schinopsis brasiliensis ENGLER   ABSTRACT:  The temperature acts closely on the speed of water absorption and also on the biochemical reactions that determine both the speed and uniformity of germination. Therefore, the viability of the seeds after storage periods can also be a limiting factor in the germination process, minimizing vigour. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate different storage periods and temperatures in the germination behavior of seeds of Schinopsis brasiliensis. The experimental design adopted was entirely randomized, distributed in a 5x5 factorial scheme, referring to five lots of S. brasiliensis seeds stored in different periods and five constant temperatures. Barauna batches with storage periods of 0, 12, 60, 72 and 84 months were used, with four repetitions. The germination percentage, mean germination time, germination speed index and Timson index were calculated. All germination parameters evaluated were significantly affected. The viability of S. brasiliensis seeds is considerably decreased from 12 months of storage. Temperature and storage time are factors that directly influence the initial development of S. brasiliensis seeds. Keywords: Anacardiaceae; germination; native species; viability; Caatinga

O uso de terapias adjuvantes e seus efeitos antitumorais no melanoma experimental em camundongos C57BL/6

Imiquimod (IMIQ) is a TLR7 agonist that potentiates the antitumor response quickly and persistently, and BCG is an attenuated vaccine (strain) of Mycobacterium bovis, which induces a increase in the activation of the immune system, which can be an essential aid in the antitumor response. This research aimed to test the effects of IMIQ on experimental melanoma to determine if it is essential to restrict tumor growth and to prolong animal survival after treatment in C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and C57Bl/6 CD1-knockout mice (CD1-/-). This study also aimed to test the BCG vaccine as an adjuvant anti- melanoma therapy in wild C57Bl/6 animals. Mice were treated with IMIQ or BCG after injection of tumor cells subcutaneously (s.c) into the pinna of the ear. Parameters for both treatments were evaluated, such as tumor size, survival, and splenic cell phenotypes were analyzed. Furthermore, intracellular cytokines were evaluated after stimulation with anti-CD3. Treatment with IMIQ effectively restricted initial tumor growth and increased survival only in WT animals. Antigen-presenting cell (APC) frequencies were higher in WT animals than in CD1-/- animals, regardless of IMIQ treatment. There was an increase in the number of splenic perforin+ NK+ cells in WT mice and an increase in splenic IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 when compared to WT mice with CD1-/- treated with IMIQ. In addition, there was also an increase in splenic CD8+ T cells producing TNF+ in unstimulated splenic cells from WT animals compared to CD1-/- animals. In animals treated with BCG injection in situ, there was reduced tumor growth and increased survival compared to animals that only received tumor cells. There was an increase in dendritic cells and a decrease in splenic Treg cells at the splenic level. Cytokine production revealed a decrease in IL-10, an increase in INF-γ by splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, an increase in INF-γ and perforin and granzyme B factors by NK cells, and an increase in INF-γ by NKT cells. Also, at the tumor level, the histopathological analysis indicated that the animals treated with BCG had a greater cellular infiltrate and a lower percentage of necrosis and muscle tumor invasion. In conclusion, animals treated with IMIQ: WT mice were protected by IMIQ from early mortality, with a decrease in melanoma development. Besides, BCG treatment limited tumor development and significantly increased survival in C57Bl/6 mice, which parallels with strong activation of the immune system, characterized by innate and adaptative responses, and had a more significant infiltration of inflammatory cells and less necrosis, and muscular tumor infiltration.CAPESCNPqImiquimode (IMIQ), é um agonista de TLR7 que potencializa a resposta antitumoral de forma rápida e persistente e o bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) é uma vacina (cepa) atenuada do Mycobacterium bovis, que induz uma robusta ativação do sistema imune, o que pode ser uma importante ajuda na resposta antitumoral. Este estudo teve como objetivo testar os efeitos do IMIQ no melanoma experimental para determinar se ele é essencial para restringir o crescimento do tumor e para prolongar a sobrevida animal após o tratamento em camundongos C57Bl/6 selvagem (WT) e C57Bl/6 que não possuem a molécula de CD1 (CD1-/-). Tencionou-se ainda testar a vacina BCG como uma terapia adjuvante anti-melanoma em animais C57Bl/6 selvagens. Os camundongos foram tratados com IMIQ ou BCG depois da injeção de células tumorais por via subcutânea (s.c.) no pavilhão auricular. Foram avaliados parâmetros para ambos os tratamentos como: tamanho do tumor, sobrevivência e fenótipos de células esplênicas. Além disso, as citocinas intracelulares foram avaliadas após estimulação com anti-CD3. O tratamento com IMIQ restringiu, efetivamente, o crescimento inicial do tumor e aumentou a sobrevida apenas nos animais WT. As frequências de células apresentadoras de antígeno (APC) foram maiores em animais WT do que nos animais CD1-/-, independentemente do tratamento com IMIQ. Houve um aumento no número de células NK+ perforina+ esplênicas em camundongos WT, e aumento de células T CD4+ esplênicas produtoras de IFN-g estimuladas com anti-CD3 quando comparados camundongos WT com CD1-/- tratados com IMIQ. Além disso existiu, também, o aumento de células T CD8+ esplênicas produtoras de TNF+ em células esplênicas não estimuladas dos animais WT em comparação com animais CD1-/-. Nos animais tratados com a injeção de BCG in situ, houve redução no crescimento tumoral maior sobrevida quando comparados aos animais que só receberam tumor. A nível esplênico houve aumento de células dendríticas e diminuição de células Tregs esplênicas. A produção de citocinas revelou diminuição de IL-10, aumento de INF-γ, por células T CD4+ e T CD8+ esplênicas, aumento de INF-γ e dos fatores perforina e granzima B por células NK e aumento de INF-γ por células NKT. Também a nível de tumor por análises histopatológica foi avaliado que os animais tratados com BCG possuíam maior infiltrado celular e menor porcentagem de necrose e invasão tumoral muscular. Em conclusão, animais tratados com IMIQ: os camundongos WT foram protegidos da mortalidade precoce, com uma diminuição no desenvolvimento do melanoma. Já os animais tratados com BCG houve uma limitação do desenvolvimento do tumor e aumentou significativo da sobrevida dos camundongos C57Bl/6, além do aumento do número de células infiltrando o tumor e uma menor área de necrose e invasão tumoral muscular, o que forneceu evidências de uma forte ativação do sistema imune, caracterizada pelas respostas inata e adquirida

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Immunotherapy for Cancer

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated vaccine from Mycobacterium bovis, was initially developed as an agent for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG proved to be the first successful immunotherapy against established human bladder cancer and other neoplasms. The use of BCG has been shown to induce a long-lasting antitumor response over all other forms of treatment against intermediate, non-invasive muscle bladder cancer Several types of tumors may now be treated by releasing the immune response through the blockade of checkpoint inhibitory molecules, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. In addition, Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonists and BCG are used to potentiate the immune response against tumors. Studies concerning TLR-ligands combined with BCG to treat melanoma have demonstrated efficacy in treating mice and patients This review addresses several interventions using BCG on neoplasms, such as Leukemia, Bladder Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Melanoma, describing treatments and antitumor responses promoted by this attenuated bacillus. Of essential importance, BCG is described recently to participate in an adequate microbiome, establishing an effective response during cell-target therapy when combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, which stimulates T cell responses against the melanoma. Finally, trained immunity is discussed, and reprogramming events to shape innate immune responses are addressed

PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler SOB PRÉVIA LAVAGEM DO PÓ DE COCO E SUBMETIDAS A DOSES CRESCENTES DE FERTILIZANTE DE LIBERAÇÃO CONTROLADA

The management of the substrate and fertilization is essential to ensure the formation of forest species seedlings with quality and succeed in establishing in the field, either for the purpose of urban forestry, recuperation of degraded areas, reforestation projects or wood purposes. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the effect of washed coconut coir fiber and increasing doses of controlled release fertilizer in producing seedlings of baraúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler). The experiment was carried out from January 30, 2015 to April 4, 2015, in the nursery (50% shade) in the areas of Seedling Production at Reference Center for Recovery Degraded Areas of Caatinga (CRAD) at the Federal University of the São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina-PE. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments distributed in a 5x2 factorial arrangement for five doses of fertilizer Osmocote® (0.0; 4.5; 9.0; 13.5 e 18.0 kg m-3) and washed and non-washed substrate with four replications and 54 recipients per plot. During the experiment were recorded emergency percentage (% PE) and the emergence speed index (IVE). At the end of the experiment were determined theplant height; number of leaves; stem diameter; average length of roots; leaf area; leaf chlorophyll; and dry weight of shoot and root. The high salinity in the substrate coconut fiber compromises the initial development of baraúna seedlings, indicating the need of washing the substrate to produce seedlings. Washing coconut powder in association with the use of controlled release fertilizer promotes better quality seedlings. The doses of controlled release fertilizer positively influence the initial growth of baraúna seedlings, increasing all studied variables. The controlled release fertilizer can be recommended for the formation of baraúna seedlings at a dose of up to 12.75 kg m-3

TEMPO DE ARMAZENAMENTO E TEMPERATURA NO COMPORTAMENTO GERMINATIVO DE Schinopsis brasiliensis ENGLER

A temperatura atua intimamente sobre a velocidade de absorção de água e igualmente sobre as reações bioquímicas que determinam tanto a velocidade e uniformidade de germinação. Por conseguinte, a viabilidade das sementes após períodos de armazenamento também pode ser um fator limitante no processo germinativo, minimizando o vigor. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar distintos períodos de armazenamento e temperaturas no comportamento germinativo de sementes de Schinopsis brasiliensis. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5x5, referentes a cinco tempos de armazenamento de sementes de S. brasiliensis armazenados em períodos distintos e cinco temperaturas constantes. Foram utilizados lotes de baraúna com período de armazenamento de 0, 12, 60, 72 e 84 meses, com quatro repetições. Calculou-se a percentagem de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, velocidade média de germinação e índice de Timson. Todos os parâmetros germinativos avaliados foram afetados significativamente. A viabilidade de sementes de S. brasiliensis é decrescida consideravelmente a partir de 12 meses de armazenamento. A temperatura e o tempo de armazenamento são fatores que influenciam diretamente o desenvolvimento inicial de sementes de S. brasiliensis. Palavras-chave: Anacardiaceae; germinação; espécies nativas; viabilidade; Caatinga.   STORAGE TEMPERATURE TIME IN GERMINAL BEHAVIOR Schinopsis brasiliensis ENGLER   ABSTRACT:  The temperature acts closely on the speed of water absorption and also on the biochemical reactions that determine both the speed and uniformity of germination. Therefore, the viability of the seeds after storage periods can also be a limiting factor in the germination process, minimizing vigour. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate different storage periods and temperatures in the germination behavior of seeds of Schinopsis brasiliensis. The experimental design adopted was entirely randomized, distributed in a 5x5 factorial scheme, referring to five lots of S. brasiliensis seeds stored in different periods and five constant temperatures. Barauna batches with storage periods of 0, 12, 60, 72 and 84 months were used, with four repetitions. The germination percentage, mean germination time, germination speed index and Timson index were calculated. All germination parameters evaluated were significantly affected. The viability of S. brasiliensis seeds is considerably decreased from 12 months of storage. Temperature and storage time are factors that directly influence the initial development of S. brasiliensis seeds. Keywords: Anacardiaceae; germination; native species; viability; Caatinga