Biodiversidade de minhocas e indicadores de qualidade do solo em sistemas integrados e convencionais de produção

Orientador: Prof. Dr. George Gardner BrownCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Renato MarquesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 27/08/2021Inclui referênciasResumo: Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária (SIPAs) têm sido amplamente propostos como modelo de recuperação de áreas degradadas, devido aos efeitos positivos sobre a fertilidade do solo e produção agrícola. No entanto, os impactos dos SIPAs sobre as propriedades biológicas do solo, particularmente sobre a população de minhocas, têm sido pouco estudados. As populações de minhocas são dinâmicas e sensíveis às perturbações no ambiente agrícola, e a mudanças nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, tornando-as adequadas para avaliar os impactos dos SIPAs sobre o ambiente edáfico e a qualidade do solo. Mediante isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial das minhocas como indicadoras dos SIPAs em abordagem conjunta com os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e a composição das comunidades de minhocas em diversos SIPAs e sistemas convencionais de manejo (pastoril, agropastoril, silvopastoril, agrosilvopastoril, lavoura de grãos), além de floresta nativa, em São Carlos-SP. Realizou-se a triagem manual de monólitos de solo (25 x 25 cm, até 20 cm de profundidade), de onde se retiraram minhocas e solo para análise química de rotina e granulométrica. Ao lado de cada monólito coletaram-se amostras indeformadas para avaliação da densidade aparente e porosidade total. Foi realizada a separação, identificação e pesagem das minhocas, e calculou-se o índice geral de qualidade do solo (GISQ) usando os atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos, visando comparar os diferentes sistemas de uso avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de componentes principais (ACP), teste de média (Anova) pelo teste de Tukey a 5% e 1% de probabilidade. Encontraram-se oito espécies de minhocas, sendo a porcentagem maior de espécies exóticas, especialmente Pontoscolex corethrurus. Os SIPAs tiveram abundância e biomassa de minhocas igual ou maior que os sistemas de pastagem, e mantiveram espécies exóticas e nativas. Além disso, apresentaram o maior GISQ. Diversas espécies de minhocas foram indicadoras de atributos químicos e/ou não físicos, e suas populações estiveram associadas aos SIPAs. Conclui-se que as minhocas podem ser usadas como biondicadoras da qualidade do solo em SIPAs.Abstract: Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLSs) has been widely proposed as a model of degraded pasture recovery areas given the positive effects on soil fertility and agricultural production. However, the impacts of ICLSs on the biological properties of the soil, particularly on the earthworm population, have been poorly studied. Earthworm populations are dynamic and sensitive to disturbances in the agricultural environment, and changes in physical and chemical soil attributes, thus have suitable for evaluating the impacts of ICLSs on the edaphic environment and soil quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of earthworms as indicators of ICLSs methods together with the physical and chemical attributes of the soil and the composition of earthworm communities in São Carlos - SP, in several ICLSs and conventional management systems (pastoral, agropastoral, silvopastoral, agrosilvopastoral, grain crops), besides to native forest. In the sampling was used the TSBF method which consists of a manual screening of soil monoliths (25 x 25 cm, up to 20 cm in depth). Soil samples were taken from each monolith for routine chemical and granulometric analysis, and undisturbed samples were collected next to each monolith for evaluation of bulk density and total porosity. The earthworms were separated, identified and weighed, and the general Indicator of Soil Quality (GISQ) was calculated using the physical, chemical and biological attributes, in order to compare the different land use systems evaluated. Data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test at 5% and 1% probability. The study of earthworm populations in ICLSs and conventional systems revealed the presence of eight species, with the highest percentage of exotic species. The greatest abundance and biomass of species was found in the integrated livestock forest system (ILF) when compared to other land use systems. ICLSs contribute to increasing the abundance and biomass of earthworms, and to sustaining both exotic and native species. Other earthworm species (Dichogaster, Fimoscolex and Glossoscolex sp.) were indicative of only some chemical attributes and not physical attributes. Earthworms can be used as soil quality bioindicators in ICLSs

Entomofauna diversity in areas of Caatinga under forest management in the semi-arid region of Ceará

The Caatinga is characterised by deciduous plant species. The practice in this ecosystem is the production of firewood which, when carried out with no technical criteria, contributes to a reduction in the biodiversity and degradation of the biome. Forest Management Planning has been approved by the Ministry of the Environment; a lower impact on the environment is expected, as there is still little information on the effect on biodiversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of soil fauna in areas that adopt a Forest Management Plan. Five areas were selected that adopt Forest Management Planning: Area T1, unexploited for six months; Area T2, unexploited for 2-3 years; Area T3 unexploited for 5-6 years; Area T4, unexploited for 10-11 years; and the Control Area (unexploited). Four pitfall traps were installed in each area. The Shannon-Weaver (H’) Index, the Pielou Uniformity Index (e) and the Species Richness Index were calculated for the purpose of estimating the existing biodiversity. Total richness varied from 7 to 14 groups for the different collection periods and between the treatments; the highest value for the Shannon Index (0.72) was found during the dry/rainy transition period in the area that had been exploited 5-6 years earlier. The number of specimens is influenced by the various stages of wood exploitation.The Caatinga is characterised by deciduous plant species. The practice in this ecosystem is the production of firewood which, when carried out with no technical criteria, contributes to a reduction in the biodiversity and degradation of the biome. Forest Management Planning has been approved by the Ministry of the Environment; a lower impact on the environment is expected, as there is still little information on the effect on biodiversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of soil fauna in areas that adopt a Forest Management Plan. Five areas were selected that adopt Forest Management Planning: Area T1, unexploited for six months; Area T2, unexploited for 2-3 years; Area T3 unexploited for 5-6 years; Area T4, unexploited for 10-11 years; and the Control Area (unexploited). Four pitfall traps were installed in each area. The Shannon-Weaver (H’) Index, the Pielou Uniformity Index (e) and the Species Richness Index were calculated for the purpose of estimating the existing biodiversity. Total richness varied from 7 to 14 groups for the different collection periods and between the treatments; the highest value for the Shannon Index (0.72) was found during the dry/rainy transition period in the area that had been exploited 5-6 years earlier. The number of specimens is influenced by the various stages of wood exploitation

Biodiversidade de minhocas e indicadores de qualidade do solo em sistemas integrados e convencionais de produção

Orientador: Prof. Dr. George Gardner BrownCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Renato MarquesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 27/08/2021Inclui referênciasResumo: Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária (SIPAs) têm sido amplamente propostos como modelo de recuperação de áreas degradadas, devido aos efeitos positivos sobre a fertilidade do solo e produção agrícola. No entanto, os impactos dos SIPAs sobre as propriedades biológicas do solo, particularmente sobre a população de minhocas, têm sido pouco estudados. As populações de minhocas são dinâmicas e sensíveis às perturbações no ambiente agrícola, e a mudanças nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, tornando-as adequadas para avaliar os impactos dos SIPAs sobre o ambiente edáfico e a qualidade do solo. Mediante isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial das minhocas como indicadoras dos SIPAs em abordagem conjunta com os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e a composição das comunidades de minhocas em diversos SIPAs e sistemas convencionais de manejo (pastoril, agropastoril, silvopastoril, agrosilvopastoril, lavoura de grãos), além de floresta nativa, em São Carlos-SP. Realizou-se a triagem manual de monólitos de solo (25 x 25 cm, até 20 cm de profundidade), de onde se retiraram minhocas e solo para análise química de rotina e granulométrica. Ao lado de cada monólito coletaram-se amostras indeformadas para avaliação da densidade aparente e porosidade total. Foi realizada a separação, identificação e pesagem das minhocas, e calculou-se o índice geral de qualidade do solo (GISQ) usando os atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos, visando comparar os diferentes sistemas de uso avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de componentes principais (ACP), teste de média (Anova) pelo teste de Tukey a 5% e 1% de probabilidade. Encontraram-se oito espécies de minhocas, sendo a porcentagem maior de espécies exóticas, especialmente Pontoscolex corethrurus. Os SIPAs tiveram abundância e biomassa de minhocas igual ou maior que os sistemas de pastagem, e mantiveram espécies exóticas e nativas. Além disso, apresentaram o maior GISQ. Diversas espécies de minhocas foram indicadoras de atributos químicos e/ou não físicos, e suas populações estiveram associadas aos SIPAs. Conclui-se que as minhocas podem ser usadas como biondicadoras da qualidade do solo em SIPAs.Abstract: Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLSs) has been widely proposed as a model of degraded pasture recovery areas given the positive effects on soil fertility and agricultural production. However, the impacts of ICLSs on the biological properties of the soil, particularly on the earthworm population, have been poorly studied. Earthworm populations are dynamic and sensitive to disturbances in the agricultural environment, and changes in physical and chemical soil attributes, thus have suitable for evaluating the impacts of ICLSs on the edaphic environment and soil quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of earthworms as indicators of ICLSs methods together with the physical and chemical attributes of the soil and the composition of earthworm communities in São Carlos - SP, in several ICLSs and conventional management systems (pastoral, agropastoral, silvopastoral, agrosilvopastoral, grain crops), besides to native forest. In the sampling was used the TSBF method which consists of a manual screening of soil monoliths (25 x 25 cm, up to 20 cm in depth). Soil samples were taken from each monolith for routine chemical and granulometric analysis, and undisturbed samples were collected next to each monolith for evaluation of bulk density and total porosity. The earthworms were separated, identified and weighed, and the general Indicator of Soil Quality (GISQ) was calculated using the physical, chemical and biological attributes, in order to compare the different land use systems evaluated. Data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test at 5% and 1% probability. The study of earthworm populations in ICLSs and conventional systems revealed the presence of eight species, with the highest percentage of exotic species. The greatest abundance and biomass of species was found in the integrated livestock forest system (ILF) when compared to other land use systems. ICLSs contribute to increasing the abundance and biomass of earthworms, and to sustaining both exotic and native species. Other earthworm species (Dichogaster, Fimoscolex and Glossoscolex sp.) were indicative of only some chemical attributes and not physical attributes. Earthworms can be used as soil quality bioindicators in ICLSs

Entomofauna diversity in areas of Caatinga under forest management in the semi-arid region of Ceará

The Caatinga is characterised by deciduous plant species. The practice in this ecosystem is the production of firewood which, when carried out with no technical criteria, contributes to a reduction in the biodiversity and degradation of the biome. Forest Management Planning has been approved by the Ministry of the Environment; a lower impact on the environment is expected, as there is still little information on the effect on biodiversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of soil fauna in areas that adopt a Forest Management Plan. Five areas were selected that adopt Forest Management Planning: Area T1, unexploited for six months; Area T2, unexploited for 2-3 years; Area T3 unexploited for 5-6 years; Area T4, unexploited for 10-11 years; and the Control Area (unexploited). Four pitfall traps were installed in each area. The Shannon-Weaver (H’) Index, the Pielou Uniformity Index (e) and the Species Richness Index were calculated for the purpose of estimating the existing biodiversity. Total richness varied from 7 to 14 groups for the different collection periods and between the treatments; the highest value for the Shannon Index (0.72) was found during the dry/rainy transition period in the area that had been exploited 5-6 years earlier. The number of specimens is influenced by the various stages of wood exploitation