THE SMART CITY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & MONITORING

The smart city infrastructure is the introductory step for establishing the overall smart city framework and architecture. Very few smart cities are recently established across the world. Some examples are: Dubai, Malta, Kochi (India), Singapore. The scope of these cities is mainly limited to construct a technology park converting the industrial real estate to state of the art information technology using the evolution in the telecom and IP networks including insignificant asset management automation system. The development background is to create an operational platform that would manage the power consumption and operational resources in order to reduce the overall running operational cost. This paper will debate the smart infrastructure development framework and the surveying positional accuracy of locating the assets as a base of the smart city development architecture integrated with all the facilities and systems related to the smart city framework. The paper will discuss also the main advantages of the proposed architecture including the quantifiable and non quantifiable benefits.Smart Infrastructure, GIS, Smart City, Geopsatial application, Infrastructure Development, Infrastructure Monitoring.

Development Of A Spatial Web-Based Graphical User Interface With Gis For Real Estate Users

Geographic information is a valuable source for applications and analysis, where location of objects and events, can enhance the decision making activities. Recently, the interoperability of geospatial data has been an ongoing research activity and goal of the geospatial information user community for decades. Focusing on data integration scenarios, the recent popularity and adoption of the internet and web services, has provided a new means of interoperability for geospatial information, differing from previous approaches to information exchange. Currently the interoperability approaches of geospatial information with real estate data are inadequate. This thesis argues that utilizing the interoperability real estate data, with geospatial data using web services, is the best method to achieve efficient data exchange than traditional approaches. The thesis demonstrates this by developing a spatial web service to facilitate transferring data, from real estate users, to Geographic Information System (GIS) data layers. The thesis also discusses how web services affect data preparation and data updating. Various scenarios of geocoding and transferring real estate data into geospatial data will be discussed. A web interface implementation is presented, to illustrate the validity of the interoperable spatial web service approach, with real estate for which this thesis argues. The interface has two ways communication. On one hand users will be able to use the spatial web service to integrate the property data, with GIS service provider. On the other hand, user will be able to receive a map report for the geocoded property

Mobile laser scanning, for monitoring polythylene city infrastructure network.

This research discusses a more efficient geospatial monitoring technique for city infrastructure networks. It will concentrate on polyethylene city infrastructure materials, where power, water and communication networks are covered or protected by polyethylene materials. A technical comparison is conducted between current and proposed geospatial monitoring techniques in order to develop an overall performance evaluation. The mobile laser scanning technology achieved the best performance evaluation, where detailed data analysis and collection, mobile laser missions, modeling and interpretation, and system geometrical corrections for location and orientation have also been conducted. Prior to conducting the performance evaluation, the research investigates mobile laser behavior and recognition capabilities with respect to Polyethylene City infrastructure materials. After analyzing the mobile laser pulses behavior, and its correlations with the mission ground speed and exposed scanned surface, it is concluded that the mobile laser pulses response is constant for the Polyethylene City infrastructure materials. The concluded mobile laser pulses constant is utilized to develop a mathematical model for re-planning the mobile laser scanning missions to obtain the best model for monitoring the Polyethylene City infrastructure networks

Utilization of the dynamic laser scanning technology for monitoring, locating and classification of the city trees.

One of the significant issues related to the city trees is the transmission overhead cables damages caused by the trees growth that would sometime generate power disconnections. Currently the city progress monitoring technologies have three major challenges. Firstly, the spatial resolution of the collected data is critical factor in all monitoring technologies that would reflect the utilization of the extracted data and physical consistency with the ground features. Secondly, the temporal resolution where in all progress monitoring or change detection technologies the duration and time coverage is a basic for validating extracted features. Finally, the human resources and the operational capital is also primary cost when monitoring city trees is needed on a regular basis. Therefore, the research is intended to verify the feasibility of allocating the trees that overheads the electrical cables especially where the transmission overhead cables passing the forests. The area of interest is extended along the highways where most of the overhead cables are placed. The research is utilizing the dynamic laser scanning system for progress monitoring and spatially locating the well recognized and accessed city trees

Mobile laser scanning to spatially update the city infrastructure networks.

This research discusses a more efficient geospatial monitoring technique for city infrastructure networks. It will concentrate on polyethylene city infrastructure materials, where power, water and communication networks are covered or protected by polyethylene materials. A technical comparison is conducted between current and proposed geospatial monitoring techniques in order to develop an overall performance evaluation. The mobile laser scanning technology achieved the best performance evaluation, where detailed data analysis and collection, mobile laser missions, modeling and interpretation, and system geometrical corrections for location and orientation have also been conducted. Prior to conducting the performance evaluation, the research investigates mobile laser behavior and recognition capabilities with respect to Polyethylene City infrastructure materials. After analyzing the mobile laser pulses behavior, and its correlations with the mission ground speed and exposed scanned surface, it is concluded that the mobile laser pulses response is constant for the Polyethylene City infrastructure materials. The concluded mobile laser pulses constant is utilized to develop a mathematical model for re-planning the mobile laser scanning missions to obtain the best model for monitoring the Polyethylene City infrastructure networks

Development of optimised model for polyethylene infrastructure monitoring using mobile laser scanning technique

The daily infrastructure networks’ updates are very huge due to frequent new installations, replacements and enforcements which are subject to maintenance and operation on a frequent basis. The efficiency of the maintenance and operation workflow is strongly related to the geographical location of these infrastructure networks. Due to the huge daily updates of the infrastructure networks, the ability of collecting the updated locations using the current geospatial monitoring techniques is very difficult. This research brought forward a more efficient geospatial data updating technique for the infrastructure networks. The monitoring is needed to geospatially locate and update the physical infrastructure development which significantly enhances the performance of managing and maintaining the infrastructure assets. The research concentrates on the polyethylene infrastructure materials, where power, water and communication networks are either covered or protected by polyethylene materials. The research conducted a technical comparison between the current geospatial data collection techniques and developed an overall performance evaluation in the sense of coverage capacity, objects extraction, data formats, time initialization of the systems and post processing time consumption. The use of mobile laser scanning technology had achieved the best evaluation performance. The evaluations were based on conducting a detailed data analysis, data collection, modelling and interpretation. Prior conducting the performance evaluation, the research investigates the mobile laser behaviour and recognition capabilities with respect to polyethylene infrastructure materials. Each material has different characteristics and accordingly has a different response (reflections and absorptions) to laser pulses, where this response is constant and only material dependent. The mobile laser pulses response constant for the polyethylene infrastructure materials has been concluded after analysing the pulses behaviour and its correlations with the mission ground speed and exposed scanned surface. The obtained mobile laser scanning constant for the polyethylene infrastructure material is 726 pulses/cm when the system ground speed is 16.49 km/h. The concluded mobile laser pulses constant were used to develop a mathematical method for re-planning the mobile laser scanning missions to obtain the best model for updating the polyethylene infrastructure networks. Mobile laser scanning using the improved planning missions can detect 97% of the polyethylene infrastructure networks in a very good performance

Echinochrome Ameliorates Physiological, Immunological, and Histopathological Alterations Induced by Ovalbumin in Asthmatic Mice by Modulating the Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Asthma is a persistent inflammatory disease of the bronchi characterized by oxidative stress, airway remodeling, and inflammation. Echinochrome (Ech) is a dark-red pigment with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effects of Ech against asthma-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the spleen, liver, and kidney in mice. Mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 for each): control, asthmatic, and asthmatic mice treated intraperitoneally with 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of Ech. In vitro, findings confirmed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Ech. Ech showed antiasthmatic effects by lowering the serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). It attenuated oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents and increasing reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) in the liver, spleen, and kidney. Moreover, it protected asthma-induced kidney and liver functions by increasing total protein and albumin and decreasing aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels. Additionally, it ameliorated histopathological abnormalities in the lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. Additionally, molecular docking studies were used to examine the interactions between Ech and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the association of Ech with Keap1 and, consequently, the regulatory role of Ech in the Keap1-(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) Nrf2 signaling pathway in the liver, spleen, and kidney. According to our findings, Ech prevented asthma and its complications in the spleen, liver, and kidney. Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress are two of echinochrome’s therapeutic actions in managing asthma by modulating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway

Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Supplementation into the Diet of the Laying Hen Positively Influences Egg Yield Parameters, Shell Quality, and Decreases Egg Cholesterol

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various levels of dietary black cumin seed on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, egg shell quality, and egg yolk cholesterol. In this study, eighty 27-wk-old laying hens (Hyline-5 White) were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 5 birds each (20 laying hens per group) and fed diets supplemented with 1, 2, or 3% black cumin. Eggs were collected and weighed daily. Laying performance, egg quality, and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. Laying hens fed the diet supplemented with 3% black cumin had greater egg production than the control. Diets supplemented with 2 or 3% black cumin increased egg weight compared with other groups. Yolk weights of the eggs from hens fed diets containing 1, 2, and 3% black cumin were significantly greater than those from the control group. Shell thickness of the eggs from chickens fed 2 or 3% black cumin seed was significantly greater than those from chickens fed diets supplemented with 0 or 1% black cumin seed. Also, shell strength of the eggs from hens fed diets supplemented with 3% black cumin seed was significantly greater than the control. In addition, diets supplemented with 2 or 3% black cumin significantly decreased egg cholesterol per gram of yolk compared. No level of black cumin seed supplementation had any effect on live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, organ weights, and abdominal adipose tissue. This study showed that black cumin at the level of 2 or 3% would positively influence egg production, egg weight, and shell quality and decrease the concentration of cholesterol in the egg yolk