Selection of resistance and sensitive cultivars of lentil in Ardabil region of Iran under irrigation and nonirrigation conditions

In order to evaluate drought tolerance indices of lentil cultivars in the Ardabil region, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was arranged at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch, Ardabil, Iran, in 2010. The factors included two conditions of planting levels (irrigation and non-irrigation) and five lentil cultivars (ILL 1180, ILL 1324, ILL 1251, ILL1237, and native cultivars). Irrigation included complete irrigation from planting until maturity and non-irrigation from seed emergence until harvesting. The results showed that the length of vegetative and reproductive periods, total number of pod and seed per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were of higher rates under irrigation than the stress (nonirrigation). Also, it was found that ILL 1180 and ILL 1324 cultivars possessed the highest and lowest values for all traits, respectively. Yield loss of the ILL 1180 under stress, was about 308.22 kg/ha (23.31%) than the normal conditions. This value for the ILL 1324 was approximately 448.53 kg/ha (35.51%). Also, ILL 1180 showed the lowest tolerance against stress (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) and the highest mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index (STI) indices. ILL 1324 possessed the highest TOL, SSI and STI and ILL1237 showed the lowest MP and GMP indices. So, ILL1180 and ILL1251 were the superior cultivars under both conditions in terms of high yield and tolerance against drought stress. ILL1237 was distinguished as the most susceptible cultivar as well.Key words: Lentil, yield, normal and stress conditions, drought tolerance index

Attitude towards and use of ecstasy in medical university interns? based on HBM

Using a self-reported questionnaire, 130 Yazd Medical University students were surveyed about their knowledge towards ecstasy and their use of ecstasy based on Health Belief Model. The age range was 18-31 years. Approximately, 23% of students had seen an ecstasy tablet, 6 (4.6%) had used ecstasy (2 female and 4 male), 4 of them lived in a dormitory and 2 were tenants. The levels of knowledge, perceived barrier and perceived benefit of students who had used ecstasy were lower than those who hadn?t used ecstasy. There was a significant difference between the knowledge, perceived barrier and perceived benefit of samples and use of ecstasy (p inf. 0.008, p inf. 0.003 and p inf. 0.13, respectively). Approximately, 74% of the students were eager to know more about ecstasy and its effects. Finally, the students were asked to select one or more item from a list of six which they considered the best way for providing young people with accurate information, and the responses (as percentages) for each source were as follows: discussion with parents: 1.5%; television programs: 64.6%; radio programs: 1.5%; talk at university: 12.3%; friends: 12.3%; newspapers/magazine articles: 7.7%. The data revealed that the knowledge of participants about ecstasy was low (mean = 27.69 ± 3.53 out of 48).The mean grade score of knowledge of males was more than females. A survey in Kerman (Iran) showed that the knowledge of general practitioners about ecstasy was lower than 50% and the knowledge of males was more than females

The Status of Smokeless Tobacco Use and its Associated Factors Among the Business Guilds Population of Chabahar

Purpose: Use of smokeless tobacco is a major preventable cause of premature death and diseases. It leads to over 5 million deaths annually worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the status of smokeless tobacco use and its associated factors among the business guilds population of Chabahar City, Iran. Method: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 users of various types of smokeless tobacco selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made demographic questionnaire, smokeless tobacco inventory, attitude questionnaire, and behavior questionnaire. The validity and reliability of these tools were confirmed in the previous studies. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and %age) and inferential statistics (Kruskal-Wallis and Exact Fisher test). Results: Most of the participants used the chewing tobaccos Gutkha and Pan-Parag (24%, 95% CI= 28.7-19.4 and 23%, 95% CI= 27.7-18.5, respectively). The mean scores (standard deviations) of the participants\u27 behavior and attitude were 7.71 (2.59) and 22.34 (7.60), respectively. The results of bivariate analysis indicated no significant difference among different smokeless tobacco groups regarding the attitude scores (P = 0.104). A significant association was observed among different groups of smokeless tobacco regarding the behavioral scores (P = 0.007). Conclusion: The scores of attitude and behavior were significantly low among the business guilds population of Chabahar City regarding consumption of smokeless tobacco. Therefore, effective steps should be taken urgently to launch social awareness programs to educate people about the consequences of tobacco use and effectiveness in curbing the problem

Effect of the Living Environment on falls among the Elderly in Urmia

BACKGROUND: The living environment has an impact on the health of the elderly, and the safety of the house is one of the concerns of the elderly. Disregarding the safety concerns increases the falling. AIM: This research was conducted with the aim of influencing the living environment on falls among elderly people in Urmia city. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytic) study which 200 elderly people were selected by random cluster sampling. Data were collected by using a two-part questionnaire including demographic information, and home safety assessment checklist. Data were analysed by using chi-square test and logistic regression in SPSS v. 21 software. RESULTS: The incidence of falling in the elderly was 30%. There was a significant statistical association with age, sex, marital status and history of chronic disease. Results of logistic regression showed non-safe stairs (OR = 1.1, p = 0.002), unsafe toilet/bath (OR = 1.3, p = 0.001), unsafe bedrooms (OR = 1.7, p = 0.05) unsafe living room (OR = 1.4, p = 0.02) increase the falls in the elderly, as well as male gender (OR = 1.14, p < 0.001) and living with other people (OR = 0.19, p = 0.002) reduce the falls in the elderly. CONCLUSION: By identifying the risk factors of the physical space of the home, we can plan for implementing necessary interventions according to the risk factor or risk factors to prevent and reduce the falls in the elderly community

Effect of Cold Stress on Germination and Growth of Wheat Cultivars

ABSTRACT This laboratory experiment was carried out in the Agricultural College of the Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2010. It was conducted by factorial design with two factor and three replications, content 30 grain to per replication. Factor A include three temperature levels (2, 3 and 5° C) and factor B, include five wheat cultivars (Gaspard, MV17, Sardary, Cascogen and Bezostaya) were used in this experiment. Result showed that velocity of seed was lowest in the 2° C and Gaspard, Sardary, Cascogen and Bezostaya have highest velocity of seed, respectively. Therefore, greatest, seed velocities belong to Bezostaya cultivar in the 5° C temperature. Lowest, seed velocity related to MV17 in the 2° C temperature. For the number of roots, Cascogen cultivar with greatest and Gaspard cultivar with lowest of number roots were determined. Sardary cultivar has highest coleoptiles length. In the final result, Bezostaya cultivar was arranged in the first and highest level, between five cultivar, for cold stress characteristics and Sardary cultivar was showed second level, significantly in comparison of the another cultivars

The Relationship between Premenstrual Syndrome and Women’s Marital Satisfaction

Background & aim: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) includes different symptoms that appear periodically throughout the luteal phase of the menstrual period. The PMS has not been properly investigated as an influencing factor of marital satisfaction. Thus the purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between PMS and its symptoms with women's marital satisfaction. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 246 women referred to health centers in Yazd, Iran. The data were collected through the Index of Marital Satisfaction and Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool and analyzed in SPSS software (version 18) using the Chi-Square test. Results: According to the results, "somatic symptom disorders, such as breast pain, headache, muscle pain, arthritis, bloating, and weight gain" (%22.8) and "anger and irritability" (%21.5) obtained the highest frequency in terms of syndrome severity. With regard to the effect of symptoms on daily life, the strongest impact was on "the relationship with the family" (%10.6). The results showed that the levels of marital dissatisfaction among women with PMS (P=0.013) were higher, compared to the non-affected population. Conclusion: The severe symptoms of this syndrome disrupt family relationship leading to marital dissatisfaction. Therefore, the women and their families are required to receive the required training for better communication in this period

The Determinants of Salivary Cotinine Concentration in Smokeless Tobacco Users

BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco products due to their high nicotine content are highly addictive and ultimately lead to an increased risk of oral cavity, laryngeal and oesophagal cancer. AIM: This research was conducted with the aim of assessing the relationship between the salivary cotinine concentration and demographic characteristics and smokeless tobacco use for the first time in tradespeople in Chabahar, Iran. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 different tradespeople using smokeless tobacco in Chabahar who were selected through simple random sampling in 2018. In addition to the salivary cotinine measurement, data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with demographic and behavioural items. The data obtained were analysed in SPSS-16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The mean salivary cotinine score was 887.7 ± 180.7 in men and 611.2 ± 139.7 in women, making for a significant intergroup difference (P = 0.043). The mean salivary cotinine score was higher in those who used two or more smokeless tobacco products compared to those who used one type of tobacco, and a significant difference was observed between the type of smokeless tobacco used and the salivary cotinine score in the participants (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the regression analysis, the type of smokeless tobacco used was a strong predictor of the concentration of salivary cotinine in the participants. It is, therefore, necessary for the government to adopt appropriate policies and take educational measures to reduce the vending and use of these substances

Relationship between Religious Orientation, Anxiety, and Depression among College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Religious obligation helps people to develop mental health by creating internal commitment to special rules. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between religious orientation and anxiety among college students. Methods: Major scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest and PsycINFO were searched for original research articles published 1987-2016. A random effect model was used to combine Correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using Stata MP. Results: After screening of 7235 documents, 13 articles including 5620 participants met inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis. Correlation coefficient was -0.08 (95% CI= -0.19, -0.03) which indicated with increasing religious orientation, anxiety and depression reduced (P<0.001). Characteristics such as sex, geographic region, and type of religions were potential sources of heterogeneity. Based on fill-and-trim method the adjusted pooled r was obtained, -0.06 (95% CI= -0.16, -0.04). Conclusion: There was a weakness relationship between religious orientation and mental anxiety and depression. Therefore, it needs to improve knowledge of student about advantages of religious orientation

Relationships between Locus of Control and Adherence to Diabetes Regimen

Abstract Background: Adequate self-care in diabetes causes quality of life promotion and decreases the number of inpatient cases. The health locus of control theory is used to assess adherence to diabetes regimen in some studies in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of diabetes locus of control in a sample of diabetic patients in Iran and investigation of it&apos;s relationship to adherence to diabetes regimen. Methods: This analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 patients referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. The Iranian versions of Diabetes Locus of Control scale and Diabetes Selfcare Activities scale were used for data collection. Results: Men were more internal locus of control and women were more chance locus of control. The attributions of external locus of control increased by age, while the internal locus of control increased by education level and chance locus of control decreased by education level. A positive association between internal locus of control and adherence to diabetes regimen was found and there was a negative association between chance locus of control and adherence to diabetes regimen. Conclusion: Findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving internal locus of control may improve adherence to diabetes regimen but different diabetic patients have different attribution styles and interventional programs to enhance diabetes self-care will be more successful if patient&apos;s locus of control is addressed

Diversidade genética para padrões de gliadinas de raças locais de trigo duro no Noroeste do Iran e no Azerbaijão

The objective of this study was to identify gliadin band patterns and the extent of genetic diversity in durum wheat genotypes from Northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Gliadins from 46 landraces and four cultivars were evaluated through acid PAGE analyses. Sixty-six polymorphic bands and 81 patterns were identified. Twenty-four different motility bands and 22 patterns were found in the ω gliadin region with 14 polymorph bands and 20 patterns for α and γ gliadins, and 14 bands and 19 different patterns for β gliadins. The combination of these patterns generated 38 and 39 combinations for Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci, respectively. The genetic diversity index (H) was higher for α gliadins (0.924), followed by ω and γ gliadins (0.899 and 0.878, respectively), and for β gliadin patterns (0.866). Extensive polymorphism (H = 0.875) was observed in four gliadin pattern regions, with higher genetic diversity in the Iranian landraces than in the Azerbaijani ones. Each genotype had special identifying patterns in the gliadin acid PAGE analysis, and cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients formed six groups. Gliadin has a simple, repeatable and economic analysis, and can be used in genetic studies.O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar padrões de bandas de gliadinas e a extenção da variabilidade genética em genótipos de trigo duro do Noroeste do Iran e da República do Azerbaijão. Gliadinas de 46 raças locais e de quatro cultivares foram avaliadas por meio de análises "acid PAGE". Sessenta e seis bandas polimórficas e 81 padrões foram identificados. Foram encontradas 24 bandas de mobilidade e 22 padrões na região da gliadina ω, com 14 bandas polimorfas e 20 padrões para as gliadinas α e γ , e 14 bandas e 19 padrões diferentes para as gliadinas β. A combinação desses padrões gerou 38 e 39 combinações, para os locos Gli-1 e Gli-2, respectivamente. O índice de diversidade genética (H) foi maior para as gliadinas α (0,924), seguidas pelas gliadinas ω e γ (0,899 e 0,878, respectivamente), e pela gliadina β (0,866). Alto polimorfismo (H = 0,875) foi observado em quatro regiões dos padrões de gliadinas obtidos, com diversidade genética maior nas raças locais iranianas do que nas do Azerbaijão. Cada genótipo apresentou padrões de identificação especiais na análise "acid PAGE" de gliadinas, e a análise de agrupamento baseada no coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard formou seis grupos. A gliadina é de análise simples, repetível e econômica, e pode ser usada em estudos genéticos