Conductive textiles for signal sensing and technical applications

Conductive textiles have found notable applications as electrodes and sensors capable of detecting biosignals like the electrocardiogram (ECG), electrogastrogram (EGG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG), etc; other applications include electromagnetic shielding, supercapacitors, and soft robotics. There are several classes of materials that impart conductivity, including polymers, metals, and non-metals. The most significant materials are Polypyrrole (PPy), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), carbon, and metallic nanoparticles. The processes of making conductive textiles include various deposition methods, polymerization, coating, and printing. The parameters, such as conductivity and electromagnetic shielding, are prerequisites that set the benchmark for the performance of conductive textile materials. This review paper focuses on the raw materials that are used for conductive textiles, various approaches that impart conductivity, the fabrication of conductive materials, testing methods of electrical parameters, and key technical applications, challenges, and future potential

Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors and Genetic Diversity of Escherichia coli Isolates from Household Water Supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: Unsafe water supplies continue to raise public health concerns, especially in urban areas in low resource countries. To understand the extent of public health risk attributed to supply water in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Escherichia coli isolated from tap water samples collected from different locations of the city were characterized for their antibiotic resistance, pathogenic properties and genetic diversity. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 233 E. coli isolates obtained from 175 tap water samples were analysed for susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics and for the presence of genes associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. Nearly 36% (n = 84) of the isolates were multi-drug(≥3 classes of antibiotics) resistant (MDR) and 26% (n = 22) of these were positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Of the 22 ESBL-producers, 20 were positive for blaCTX-M-15, 7 for blaOXA-1-group(all had blaOXA-47) and 2 for blaCMY-2. Quinolone resistance genes, qnrS and qnrB were detected in 6 and 2 isolates, respectively. Around 7% (n = 16) of the isolates carried virulence gene(s) characteristic of pathogenic E. coli; 11 of these contained lt and/or st and thus belonged to enterotoxigenic E. coli and 5 contained bfp and eae and thus belonged to enteropathogenic E. coli. All MDR isolates carried multiple plasmids (2 to 8) of varying sizes ranging from 1.2 to >120 MDa. Ampicillin and ceftriaxone resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 70 to 100 MDa in size, while ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 50 to 90 MDa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed diverse genetic fingerprints of pathogenic isolates. Significance: Multi-drug resistant E. coli are wide spread in public water supply in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Transmission of resistant bacteria and plasmids through supply water pose serious threats to public health in urban areas

Karbociklisko aminu - potencialo NMDA receptora antagonistu sinteze un ipasibu izpete

Separate summary in English, 16 p.Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLELVLatvi

PCR primers used in the study.

<p>PCR primers used in the study.</p

Antibiotic resistance pattern, presence of antibiotic resistance genes and plasmid patterns of ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> isolated from water samples.

a<p>Amp, Ampicillin; Atm, Aztreonam; C, Cholramphenicol; Caz, Ceftazidime; Cfm, Cefixime; Cip, Ciprofloxacin; Cn, Gentamycin; Cro, Ceftriaxone; Ctx, Cefotaxime; E, Erythromycin; Fox, Cefoxitin; Imp, Imipenem; K, Kanamycin; Mel, Mecillinam; Mem, Meropenem; NA, Nalidixic acid; Nor, Norfloxacin; Sxt, Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim; Te, Tetracycline; and Tzp, Piperacillin-Tazobactam; All S, Sensitive to all antibiotics tested in the study.</p

Dendrogram of PFGE fingerprints from pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> isolates isolated from water samples.

<p>The percentage of genetic homology between banding patterns is indicated. Presence of virulence genes, pathotypes, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid pattern are plotted next to dendrogram.</p