Archival Issues in Network Electronic Publications

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If Only We Could Reach the Shoals: Barriers to Archives Digitization

"When I first joined the archival profession over thirty years ago, I noticed how my new colleagues seemed to be hallucinating. Witnessing the power of mainframe computers and imagining the possibilities of bibliographic networks, they had visions about how this technology might liberate us so we could actively connect our archives to users and potential users—students, scholars and the general public—without being bound by the physicality of the archives. While most thought in terms of automating finding aids and indices, a few even dared to imagine that new technologies might also allow us to store, retrieve and deliver the full text of archival documents. I have to admit that the notion that somehow computer terminals could be linked to a network to enable even small archives to ―broadcast‖ archival documents worldwide was a bit beyond my imagination. Where was the technology, the infrastructure and the mass market to implement such a system?

Ecology of the Long-Tailed Jaeger at Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island

Reports on the 1966 studies of breeding density, timing, chick growth and food habits of Stercorarius longicaudus near the northern margin of its extensive range (66 N on Hudson Bay to 83 N) where it is free of competition from the pomarine and parasitic jaegers. The great variation in breeding of the long-tailed jaeger is related to the lemming populations, which provide >90% of the jaeger's food; clutch size also appears to be adjusted to food supply. This small jaeger species adapts to the High Arctic with its efficient use of lemming highs which may not be very great and its use of insect prey, especially by the chicks. Fledging time is approx. three wk, one week less than the larger jaegers. Egg-laying dates vary widely between years and within populations. Juvenile birds, mainly snow buntings and shore birds make up most of the other vertebrate prey. A description of the Camp Hazen environment and a comparison of the long-tailed jaegers with north Alaska populations are included.Écologie du Labbe à longue queue du lac Hazen, île d'Ellesmere. On a étudié en 1966 la densité de reproduction, la distribution chronologique, la croissance des poussins et les habitudes de nutrition d'une importante population de labbes à longue queue. De 1961 à 1966, la densité de reproduction a fluctué de 0 à 2 couples par mille carré (269 hectares), avec des sommets en 1962 et 1966. De 12 à 13 pour cent des œufs pondus en 1966 ont atteint l'éclosion, mais dans les 4 années creuses, seul un nid sur 7 était productif. Tous les indices suggèrent que dans les bonnes années, la "réussite" reproductive était très grande. Les dates de ponte varient beaucoup d'une année à l'autre et selon les groupes. La proportion des aliments dans les boulettes régurgitées – 242 fraîches et 710 anciennes – était respectivement de 90.1 et 94.0 pour cent de restes de lemmings. Pour les autres proies vertébrées (surtout des oiseaux), elle était de 18.6 et de 8.0 pour cent. Le plectrophane des neiges était l'oiseau le plus fréquent (79.5 et 72.5 pour cent), suivi des oiseaux de mer (9.1 et 21.6 pour cent). Chez les passereaux, le pourcentage d'oiseaux juvéniles était de 83 et 79.4, et chez les oiseaux de mer, il était de 75 et 91. Les insectes étaient présents dans 30 pour cent des boulettes fraîches

Recent Records of the California Grey Whale (Eschrichtius glaucus) Along the North Coast of Alaska

Considers the summer range (mapped) of this species based on shore observations 1953-1959, and information from Eskimos. The whales enter the Arctic Ocean in mid-June and move along the lead between pack and shore ice, reaching Wainwright and Barrow in late June or early July; a few get as far east as Barter Island, and some may follow the ice pack as it moves offshore. In early Aug. they start moving southwest, though some were still seen in mid-Sept. Local kills (few), feeding habits, etc. are also noted

Muskox Bone of Possible Wisconsin Age from Banks Island, Northwest Territories

During a summer 1963 study of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna, a Bernard River locality was searched for fossils. The only specimen found was the right half of a left metacarpal of Ovibos moschatus with a radiocarbon age of >34,000 yr, suggesting that muskoxen were on Banks Island at the height of the Wisconsin glaciation or earlier. Conflicting views concerning the existence of a Wisconsin refugium on this island are discussed; the evidence suggests that such did exist isolated from Beringia and from any of the northern islands.Ossement de bœuf musqué d'âge wisconsin (?) provenant de l'île de Banks, T. du N.-O., Canada. Un morceau de métacarpe d'Ovibos a été trouvé en 1963 sur l'île de Banks, T. du N.-O., Canada, près de 121º54'O. et 73º23'N. L'ossement n'était pas distinct de celui d'un Ovibos moschatus. L'auteur discute de l'existence possible d'un refuge wisconsinien sur l'île de Banks. En effet, il semble avoir existé là un refuge, isolé de la Béringia. En plus d'espèces botaniques, deux espèces de petits mammifères (lemmus sibiricus et Lepus arcticus) et, peut-être, le bœuf musqué auraient survécu dans le refuge de Banks

Observations of Musk Oxen on Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada

Notes summer 1963 observations of Ovibos moschatus. On a reconnaissance flight over the northern third of the island on Aug. 2 nearly sixty were seen, indicating greater abundance than hitherto supposed. Only two were seen south of the reconnaissance area during a two-month period; apparently they concentrate in the northern part at least during the summer

Session 4: What Should Be the Conditions on Libraries Digitizing, Maintaining and Making Available Copyrighted Works?

A discussion of the conditions that should be applied to libraries and archives in their digitizing, maintaining and making available copyrighted works

Managing Spent Mushroom Compost

End of Project ReportThis project addressed how to manage spent mushroom compost (SMC), an issue of critical importance to the continued development of the Irish mushroom industry. The most important aim of the project was to devise a feasible strategy for the management of this material on an industry wide basis. There were two main components of the project, which were conducted in parallel. One analysed the structure of the mushroom industry and the logistics of handling, transporting and processing SMC. The other studied the agronomic properties of SMC in an effort to develop improved guidelines on the best use of SMC in crop production. Our analysis of the SMC management problem led us to conclude that a centralised approach should be taken when developing the solution strategy. The model solution that was formulated is based on the establishment of centrally located depots for SMC collection, temporary storage and possible processing. This approach facilitates a variety of environmentally acceptable SMC end uses ranging from land application to incineration. We examined a variety of possible end uses for SMC, including its use as an alternative fuel. In the immediate future, we believe the predominant end use for SMC will be as an organic manure for field crop production and as a soil conditioner in the landscaping industry. Uses of this type are in line with both Irish and EU legislation regarding waste management. Our analysis suggests that tillage and horticulture offer the best promise for realising the beneficial properties of SMC. We have tested SMC on field crops such as winter and spring wheat and potatoes and on glasshouse crops such as tomatoes. These experiments have shown that SMC increases soil organic matter and improves soil structure. SMC is a very effective source of K and P and also provides trace elements. It makes a contribution to N nutrition but most of the N does not become available to the crop in the first year. For best results therefore, supplementary N must be applied. Overall, our results indicate that SMC can be used with beneficial effects in field crop production. The mushroom industry should move forward with establishing centralised SMC handling facilities to enable the efficient collection, temporary storage, further processing and transportation of SMC to end users. An education and awareness campaign should be conducted amongst farmers, in areas removed from mushroom production, to introduce them to the benefits of SMC and ways to effectively utilise this material.Department of Agriculture, Food and the MarineEuropean Union Structural Funds (EAGGF

Comparison of metal bioaccumulation in crop types and consumable parts between two growth periods

A high proportion of populations in most developing countries live below the poverty line and those near refuse grounds resort to dumpsite farming to grow food. Consequently, high levels of waste‐derived contaminants are found in crops consumed by these people. This study investigates the extent to which crops cultivated on the Mbale dumpsite (Uganda) were contaminated by 11 metals and 2 non‐metals: iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As). We investigated how element bioaccumulation in crops was influenced by the growth period (short‐ and long‐term crop maturity). The short‐term crops were Zea mays and Amaranthus cruentus, whereas the long‐term crops were Manihot esculenta, Colocasia esculenta, Musa acuminata, Carica papaya, Coffea arabica, and Saccharum officinarum. Results showed that nine metals were present at concentrations above World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) food safety recommendations and hence may pose health risks to consumers. In this study, leaves contained higher metal concentrations than other analyzed consumable parts. Pb and Co were found at higher concentrations in leaves of short‐term crops than in long‐term crops. Among short‐term crops, only Z. mays seeds contained permissible metal concentrations by WHO/FAO standards. The growth period was also found to influence metal bioaccumulation in crop types. Pb, Co, Fe, Al, and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in the short‐term crops than in long‐term crops, while Mn, Ni, and Cr concentrations were higher in long‐term crops than in short‐term crops. Overall, public awareness about the health risks associated with consuming short‐term leafy crops grown on dumpsites should be improved to reduce toxic metal exposure. While implementing such a campaign, the food supply of individuals whose survival depends on such crops should not be jeopardized. Therefore, farmers need alternative farming areas outside dumpsites. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1056–1071. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)