Predict the future incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Iran from 2012-2035

Global Breast Cancer (BC) is the most common non-skin malignancy, nearly a third of newly diagnosed cancers in the United States and the second leading cause of mortality in women throughout the world was BC (1, 2). Between 1975 and 2000 the burden of BC has doubled, that is attributable to the increase in life expectancy and spread of unhealthy lifestyle (3). Nevertheless, these trends are not visible in early onset of BC, as the rates have been more or less stable in most countries in the past 20 yr (4). As for mortality rates, they have been progressively decreasing, particularly in younger women, due to the improved treatment and primary detection (5). In Iran with increasing life expectancy and the aging of the residents, the incidence and mortality of BC will increase in the future years (6). In GLOBOCAN project, the expected number of new cancer cases or deaths in a country or region in 2015–2035 is computed by multiplying the age-specific incidence/mortality rates estimated for 2012, by the corresponding expected population for 2015–2035. In Iran, based on the GLOBOCAN project in 2012, the number of BC in woman was 9795 case and the number of new case have an increase in the next few years, so in 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 the number of new cases were 10982, 12684, 14920, 17346 and 19328, respectively. Therefore, in 2035 compare 2012 the numbers of new case were nearly 2 times. In addition, in 2012, the numbers of death from BC was 3304 and in the next few years, we have increase in the number of death from BC, so in 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 the numbers of deaths were 3742, 4394, 5248, 6220 and 7138. We expect that Iranian population structure, the greatest increase in the number of new cases and deaths from BC observe in age group (ages >= 65), so in 2035 compared to 2012, the number of new case and mortality will be 3 times, while in the age group below 65 yr, the increase is about 1.8 time

Comparing of Four Ergonomic Risk Assessment Methods of HAL-TLV, Strain Index, OCRA Checklist, and ART for Repetitive Work Tasks

This study is aimed to compare the results obtained from four risk assessment methods, videlicet HAL-TLV, Strain index, OCRA checklist, and ART. These musculoskeletal disorders assessment tools are generally used in the studies as well as in the field of occupational health. In this study, the data was collected via assessments of 30 tasks by 9 raters in poultry slaughter, assembly, and container production industries using four methods of upper limb musculoskeletal disorder risk assessment. In order to determine the level of agreement between the risk assessment methods, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Cohen's weighted kappa were used, according to which the highest agreement and correlation were found between ART and OCRA checklist methods, while the HAL-TLV and OCRA checklist exhibited the lowest agreement and correlation. The difference between the risk classification results of the studied methods could be due to the difference of definitions of the risk variables; therefore, selecting the assessment tools for assessing the task risks in the working environment must be in accordance with the assessment objectives and complexity of the work tasks

Disparity and trends in the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the world

Background: Lung Cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers in the international arena. The aim of this study was to investigate the geographical distribution of LC incidence and mortality in the world in 2012, as well as the trend of incidence and mortality of LC during 1975 to 2010 based on the gender. Material and methods: In the present study, we extracted the information on the incidence and mortality of LC in 184 countries from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Project GLOBOCAN, 2012). The present study categorized and presented the information on the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of LC based on the continents, world regions based on the development level and Human Development Index (HDI). ASIR and ASMR of LC expressed per 100,000 people. Results: The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in North America (ASIR=38.3 and ASMR=28.6), more developed regions (ASIR=30.8 and ASMR=24.2), and the WPRO region of the WHO (ASIR=32.8 and ASMR=28.5), and those regions with very high HDI (ASIR=31 and ASMR=23.9). Furthermore, the lowest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in Africa (ASIR=5 and ASMR=4.5), the less developed regions (ASIR=20 and ASMR=18), the AFRO region (ASIR=3.9 and ASMR=3.5), and regions with low HDI (ASIR=5.4 and ASMR=4.8). Conclusion: The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in North America, more developed regions, and the WPRO region of the WHO, and those regions with very high HDI. Most regions of the world had decreasing incidence and mortality of LC in men and increasing trend in women

Factors associated with cigarette smoking in central parts of Iran

This study aims to assess factors associated with cigarette smoking in central parts of Iran. Materials and methods: We used the data of the post intervention phase of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) that was conducted in 2007. Logistic regression was used for calculating crude and adjusted Odds Ratios (OR). The group with the least prevalence of smoking was considered as the Reference Group (RG) and the OR for other parts of the variable was calculated based on the RG and reported with a confidence interval of 95%. Findings: Generally, 9513 individuals participated in the study, of which 13.5% were smokers (26.2% of men and 0.8% of women). The OR for cigarette smoking in men compared with women in (RG) was 13.89 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 7.44-24.82). Among rural areas, compared with urban areas in (RG), the OR was 0.98 (95% CI 0.82-1.15); and among elementary education level compared to illiterate individuals the OR was 4.37 (95% CI 1.68-10.76). The OR in individuals in the age group 35-44, compared with the age group of 65 and older in (RG) was 2.49 (95% CI 1.81-3.45). The place most used for cigarette smoking was streets (72.1%); and the main reason for starting or continuing cigarette smoking, according to smokers' opinions, was pleasure and fun. Conclusion: The highest number of smokers was in 35-44 years men, in rural areas, with elementary education level; so, they are the ones who need more attention through implementation of educational programs for awareness, improved attitudes and practices, and smoking cessation programs

Seasonal Pattern in Occurrence and In-hospital fatality rate from Traffic Accidents in Isfahan, Iran

Background:accident is the secondary cause of mortality in Iran, background of its occurrence and mortality are not wholly understood. The aim of this paper is to explain seasonal occurrence and mortality pattern of traffic accidents in Isfahan population, Iran Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analytic study. We extracted data on traffic accidents for Isfahan Province from the Ministry of Health (MOH). For analysis independent t test, ANOVA test, chi-square test was used. To calculate the odds ratio of death in hospital from traffic accidents, logistic regression model was used Results: The highest hospital admission for traffic accidents was seen during the summer and lowest during the autumn, they increased 43.35, 97.8 and 03.5 during the spring, summer and winter, respectively than the autumn. odds ratio for death from traffic accident during spring were (1.88 CI 95 0.98-1.42), summer (1.4 CI95 1.18-1.67) and in autumn (1.4 CI95 1.15-1.7),in male were (1.33 CI95 1.15-1.54) and in age group 21-40 were (1 CI95 0.87-1.16),41-60 (1.62 CI95 1.36-1.92),61≥(3.94 CI95 3.3-4.71) and in out of urban-rural (2.44 CI95 2.09-2.85),rural (3.1 CI95 2.64-3.64) and in motor vehicles(1.5 CI95 1.3-1.73)and in pedestrians(1.76 CI95 1.5-2.06) Conclusion: There are seasonal variations in occurrence and mortality due to traffic accidents. The highest occurrence of traffic accident was during summer, and the lowest rate in autumn. The highest in hospital mortality rate was observed in summer and the lowest in winter. After adjusting the model, the risk of in-hospital mortality was significant for gender,age,season, type of accidents and accident plac

The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy on Pain Tolerance and Trait-State Anxiety Among Children with leukemia cancer in Isfahan City

Introduction: Due to the painful and long-term treatments of cancer, children with cancer may suffer from severe psychological problems such as anxiety and decreased level of pain tolerance. Accordingly, psychological treatments such as play therapy can be helpful in this regard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on pain tolerance and trait-state anxiety in children with cancer in Isfahan. Method: The statistical population of this study was all children aged 9 to 12 years old who were referred to specialized cancer clinic of Isfahan in 2016. 30 of them were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: The results of data analysis indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy games resulted in increased pain tolerance and decreased trait anxiety in children with cancer (p <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, cognitive-behavioral play therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to relieve anxiety and increase pain tolerance in these children. Declaration of Interest: None

Assessment the association between liver cancer incidence and mortality rate with human development index in the European countries in 2012

Background: Liver Cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers in the worldwide. This cancer is considered as the fifth most common cancer in male and the ninth most common cancer in female. However, socioeconomic factors and morbidity and mortality of cancer are linked by sophisticated and flexible pathways. We were investigated the association between incidence and mortality of LC with the Human Development Index (HDI) in European countries in 2012. Methods: This study was an ecologic study in European countries for assessment the correlation between Age-Specific Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age-Specific Mortality Rate (ASMR) of LC with HDI and its details including: Life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. We used of Pearson correlation method for appraisement the association between HDI and its components with ASIR and ASMR. Data of study was analyzed by SPSS15 statistical analysis software; the significance level of the tests was considered P<0.05. Results: Generally in 2012, European countries have recorded 63,462 new cases of LC, crude rate was 8.6 and ASIR was 4.3 per 100,000. On the other hand in Europe countries in 2012, 62,191 cases of deaths were occurred due to LC, crude rate was 8.4 and ASMR was 3.9 per 100,000. Strong positive Correlation was observed between ASIR and ASMR (r = 0.848; P <= 0.001). HDI have weak negative correlation with ASIR of LC (r = -0.194; P = 0.230), and strong negative correlation with ASMR of LC(r= -0.515; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Increase in the human development index was associated with reduce in incidence and mortality of LC

The Effectiveness of Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Emotional Regulation and Rumination in Girls with Traumatic Experience

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of group dialectical behavior therapy on emotional regulation and rumination among female students with traumatic experiences. The traumatic experiences among teenagers and young females have various negative impacts on their future life.Methods: With reference to the Counseling Center of Education Ministry of Mashhad City. 24 female students with traumatic symptoms were selected in this quasi-experimental study to participate in this study. They were assigned randomly into control and experimental groups using the traumatic events questionnaire and the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID). In the pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up, the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale of Gratz and Roemer (DERS) was conducted. The experimental participants spent 14 sessions of group dialectical behavior therapy.Results: The results demonstrated that there were a significant difference between mean scores of emotional regulation difficulties in girls with traumatic experiences who received group dialectical behavior therapy and the mean scores of emotional regulation difficulties in girls with traumatic experiences who did not receive the intervention (P&lt;0.05).Conclusion: With the impact of dialectical behavior group therapy on the cognitive and emotional aspects of female participants with traumatic experiences, students were able to increase their emotional regulation and manage rumination.Declaration of Interest: NoneKey words: Dialectical behavior therapy, Rumination, Emotion regulation, Traumatic experiences

Prognostic factors of 28 days survival rate in patients with a first acute myocardial infarction based on gender in Isfahan, Iran (2000-2009)

BACKGROUND: Determinant prognostic factors of 28 days survival rate in patients with a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) based on gender in teen year�s period in Isfahan, Iran, was the aim of this study. METHODS: This study is a prospective hospital-based study that consisted, all patients with AMI admitted to all hospitals (private and universal hospitals) in Isfahan and Najafabad (Iran) during 2000-2009. To determinant the prognostic factors of 28 days survival rate in patients based on gender, analysis conducted separately for male and female. In analysis, we use of t-test, log Rank tests, Kaplan�Meier method, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS: Short-term (28 days) survival rate was 92.5 in male and 86.7 in female (P < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of death for age group 80 years and older was 12.7 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.14-31.3 in male and 8.78 (95% CI: 1.2-63.1) in female. HR for acute transmural MI of the unspecified site in male was 8.9 (95% CI: 4.68-16.97) and in female 9.33 (95% CI: 4.42-19.7). HR for receive of streptokinase in male was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.94-1.31) and in female was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.56-0.84). CONCLUSION: Short-term survival rate in male was a higher than female. In male age, anatomic location of MI and hospital status and in female streptokinase use and anatomic location of MI was the most important prognostic factors of survival in-patient with AMI in Isfahan. © 2015, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved