Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview

Since ancient times, drugs have been administered via the nasal route for therapeutic and recreational purposes. The interest in, and importance, of the systemic effects of drugs administered through the nasal route, have expanded over recent decades. Intra-nasal administration of drugs offers an interesting alternative for achieving systemic therapeutic effects of drugs that are comparable to the parenteral route, which can be inconvenient at times or oral administration, which can result in unacceptably low drug bioavailability. So, it is important to understand the potential and limitations of various nasal drug delivery systems. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to discuss the various pharmaceutical dosage forms that have the potential to be utilised for local or systemic drug administration. It is intuitively expected that this review will help to understand and further to develop suitable intra-nasal formulations to achieve specific therapeutic objectives

Using Electrical Stimulation in Diabetic Therapy

This study aimed to find a new technique for diabetic therapy using new device of electrical stimulation by treating 320 cases of diabetic patient divided in four groups. The first was for patients with no drug and herbal therapy. The second group took 1 tablet of (G or D) or 1herbal dose. The third took more than tablet of (G or D) or (1 tablet + 1 herbal dose). The fourth group was treated by Insulin. All these groups of patients were exposed to electrical stimulation using the above device, and the test of all patients were done, observing that the exposure time increased with the increasing of age for the patient group of the same diabetic level, and the number of patients increases in the range (35-55) year for the first group, (35-60) year for the second group, (30-40) year for the third group. By fitting the curve response we get the mathematic equation that helps us to determine the start point of therapy. Keywords: Electrical, Diabetic, Stimulation, Therapy

Synthesis of Some New Nucleoside Analogues Containing Seven Membered Ring and Studying Their Biological Activity

In this work, a series of new Nucleoside analogues (D-galactopyranose linked to oxepanebenzimidazole moiety) was synthesized via multisteps synthesis. The first step involved preparation of two benzimidazoles 2-styrylbenzimidazole and 2-(phenyl ethynyl) benzimidazole via reaction of phenylenediamine with cinnamic acid or ?-phenyl propiolic acid. Electrophilic addition of the prepared benzimidazoles by three anhydrides in the second step afforded (4-6) and (14-16) which in turn were treated with 1,2,3,4-di-O-isopropylidene galactopyranose in the third step to afford a series of the desirable protected nucleoside analogues (7-9) ,(17-19)which after hydrolysis in methanolic sodium methoxidein the fourth step afforded the free nucleoside analogues (10-12) and (20-22) .The synthesized compounds were identified by FT-IR and some of them by 1H-NMR and13C-NMR. The synthesized oxepane nucleoside analogues were screened for their antibacterial activity against three types of bacteria including Staphylococcusaureus ,Bacillus(gram positive) andE.coli (gram negative) bacteria repectively

Preparation of Graphene Oxide from Expanded Graphite at Different Microwave Heating Times

Exfoliated graphite (EG)  was prepared by mixing graphite with HNO3 and KMnO4 at weight ratio 1:2:1 using microwave heating at times 20, 60, 80 and 120 sec. Graphene  oxide (GO) was then prepared using EG as precursor by the modified Hummer’s method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses  showed successful conversion of EG into GO. The XRD results of the GO showed that the maximum interplanar distance (d-spacing) increased from 0.344 to 0.831 nm. The AFM showed a minimum thickness of  0.519 nm for a single layer of GO prepared from EG 80 sec. The XRD examination also showed an increase in the d-spacing between the GO layers after sonication compared to before sonication

Effect of the thickness on the optical properties of nanostructure CuS thin films

At this work, nanostructure copper sulfide (CuS) thin films at different temperature of substrate and thickness (120,200,750) nm have been acquired by chemical spray pyrolysis method. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements of all films appeared polycrystalline structure and possessed a hexagonal phase with strong crystalline orientation (103) with crystal size equals approximately 80 nm by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The linear optical measurements showed that nanostructure CuS thin films have direct energy gap. The energy gap was decreased with increasing thin films thickness. Nonlinear optical properties experiments were performed using Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser Z-scan system. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (?) were estimated at different thicknesses of nanostructure CuS thin films for different intensities of laser. n2 and ? were decreased with increasing intensity of incident laser beam . Also they were reduced with increasing the nanostructure CuS thin films thicknesses. Also the type of ? were two and three photon absorption , type of n2 were positive nonlinear reflective index and n2 were self-focusing nonlinear refractive index  for all samples

Development of mucoadhesive sprayable gellan gum fluid gels

The nasal mucosa provides a potentially good route for local and systemic drug delivery. However, the protective feature of the nasal cavity make intranasal delivery challenging. The application of mucoadhesive polymers in nasal drug delivery systems enhances the retention of the dosage form in the nasal cavity. Several groups have investigated using low acyl gellan as a drug delivery vehicle but only limited research however, has been performed on high acyl gellan for this purpose, despite its properties being more conducive to mucoadhesion. High acyl gellan produces highly elastic gels below 60 °C which make it difficult to spray using a mechanical spray device. Therefore, in this study we have tried to address this problem by making fluid gels by introducing a shear force during gelation of the gellan polymer. These fluid gel systems contain gelled micro-particles suspended in a solution of un-gelled polymer. These systems can therefore behave as pourable viscoelastic fluids. In this study we have investigated the rheological behavior and mucoadhesion of fluid gels of two different types of gellan (high and low acyl) and fluid gels prepared from blends of high and low acyl gellan at a 50:50 ratio. The results demonstrated that by preparing fluid gels of high acyl gellan, the rheological properties were sufficient to spray through a standard nasal spray device. Moreover fluid gels also significantly enhance both high acyl and low acyl gellan mucoadhesion properties

Study of the Mechanical Properties by Using Thermo- Mechanical Processing of Alloy Steel

The purpose of this work is to study the effects of thermo mechanicaltreatments to improve mechanical properties of the alloy steel (DIN 42 Cr Mo4), suchas tensile strength, toughness, and hardness. All mechanical factors affected by themetallurgical changes in alloy like microstructure refinement and appearing newphases are thoroughly discussed.Heating was done in induction furnace at 1150oC and specimens were forgedin temperature of 1000oC but the forging process was done with different forgingloads (deformation percentage) with values of (800, 1000, 2500 and 4000 tons) with adeformation percentages of (26%, 31%, 45% and 61%) respectively

The effect of Valsalva maneuver on diastolic filling indices in patients with essential hypertension.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction are considered to be an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in asymptomatic hypertensive patients. At the bedside, left ventricular geometric remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in hypertension can not be diagnosed without echocardiography which is a useful adjunct to the medical history, physical examination, ECG, and chest radiography. Hence, it provides an opportunity for good management and prognosis of what appears to be preclinical hypertensive complication.  Subjects and Methods: 127 subjects with essential hypertension of either sex attending echo unit were subjected to medical history, clinical examination, physical measurements, ECG, M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. They were classified as 46 treated hypertensives where they were on regular antihypertensive medication, and 81 untreated hypertensive patients. In addition, they were sex and age matched to 39 healthy subjects who served as control group.  Results: The results of this study revealed that hypertensive patients especially those with stage II hypertension were prone to develop left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) of concentric geometric pattern and diastolic dysfunction. However, small percentage of those patients found to have diastolic dysfunction despite they were without LVH. In addition, Doppler echocardiography clarify that hypertensives with abnormal transmitral inflow profile; of left ventricular impaired relaxation pattern suffered left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Moreover, in this study there was no evidence of  pseudonormal transmitral inflow filling pattern which is excluded after Valsalva maneuver. Conclusion: There is a strong association between left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction which was more common in patients with stage II hypertension. However, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is usually follows left ventricular hypertrophy, but it still may proceed especially in those patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) of concentric geometric pattern. In addition, left ventricle diastolic dysfunction is not necessary coincide with the development of systolic dysfunction, namely normal ejection fraction and fractional shortening

Satellite Image Classification Using Moment and SVD Method

The motivation we address in this paper is to classify satellite image using the moment and singular value decomposition (SVD) method; both proposed methods are consisted of two phases; the enrollment and classification. The enrollment phase aims to extract the image classes to be stored in dataset as a training data. Since the SVD method is supervised method, it cannot enroll the intended dataset, instead, the moment based K-means was used to build the dataset. Thereby, the enrollment phase began with partitioning the image into uniform sized blocks, and estimating the moment for each image block. The moment is the feature by which the image blocks were grouped. Then, K-means is used to cluster the image blocks and determining the number of cluster and centroid of each cluster. The image block corresponding to these centroids were stored in the dataset to be used in the classification phase. The results of enrollment phase showed that the image contains five distinct classes, they are; water, vegetation, residential without vegetation, residential with vegetation, and open land. The classification phase consisted of multi stages; image composition, image transform, image partitioning, feature extraction, and then image classification. The SVD classification method used the dataset to estimate the classification feature SVD and compute the similarity measure for each block in the image, while the moment classification method used the dataset to compute the mean of each column and compute the similarity measure for each pixel in the image. The results assessment was carried out on the two classification paths by comparing the results with a reference classified image achieved by Iraqi Geological Surveying Corporation (GSC). The comparison process is done pixel by pixel for whole the considered image and computing some evaluation measurements. It was found that the classification method was high quality performed and the results showed acceptable classification scores. In the SVD method, the score was about 70.64%, and it is possible to rise up to 81.833% when assuming both classes: residential without vegetation and residential with vegetation are one class.Whereas, the classification score was about 95.84% when using the moment method. This encourage results indicates the ability of proposed methods to efficient classifying multibands satellite image.