22 research outputs found
Directed diversity-oriented synthesis. Ring-fused 5- to 10-membered rings from a common peptidomimetic 2-pyridone precursor
AbstractA variety of ring-fused 2-pyridone-based central fragments were prepared using a strategy inspired by diversity-oriented synthesis. The produced compounds are diverse, yet focused, analogs of biologically active peptidomimetic 2-pyridones
Development of 2-Pyridone-based central fragments : Affecting the aggregation of amyloid proteins
There are many applications of small organic compounds, e.g. as drugs or as tools to study biological systems. Once a compound with interesting biological activity has been found, medicinal chemists typically synthesize small libraries of compounds with systematic differences to the initial âhitâ compound. By screening the new ensemble of compounds for their ability to perturb the biological system, insights about the system can be gained. In the work presented here, various ways to synthesize small libraries of ring-fused 2âpyridones have been developed. Members of this class of peptidomimetic compounds have previously been found to have a variety of biological activities, e.g. as antibacterial agents targeting virulence, and as inhibitors of the aggregation of Alzheimer bâpeptides. The focus in this work has been to alter the core skeleton, the central fragment, of the previously discovered biologically active 2âpyridones and evaluate the biological effects of these changes. Several new classes of compounds have been constructed and their preparations have included the development of multi-component reactions and a method inspired by diversity-oriented synthesis. Some of the new compounds have been evaluated for their effect on the fibrillation of different amyloid proteins. Both the Parkinson-associated amyloid protein a-synuclein and the bacterial protein CsgA that is involved in bacterial biofilm formation are affected by subtle changes of the compoundsâ central fragments. This is an example of the usefulness of central-fragment alterations as a strategy to probe structure-activity relationships, and the derived compounds may be used as tools in further study of the aggregation of amyloid proteins
Mobilitet som tjÀnst (MaaS) frÄn ett transportoperatörsperspektiv : Möjligheter och hinder
Congestion and pollution are challenges that have started to build pressure on urban cities to introduce more environmental-friendly transportation alternatives. One transport solution that has gained attention in the light of digitalization is a concept called mobility as a service (MaaS) that has the potential to change how people travel today. However, the main issue related to MaaS is that there is no sustainable or long-term business model in place, and it is unclear how value can be created for actors that are considering to integrate themselves to this ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to investigate what the potential opportunities and challenges are from a transport operatorâs perspective when considering to integrate their transportation service to MaaS. This study further addresses the key elements that are needed in this service and its system-level enablers, as well as, how transportation operatorsâ ability and desire differ to influence the development of MaaS. The study is moreover built on a qualitative research approach where actors from both private and public organizations were interviewed. The gathered data was in combination with a literature review and business model theory analyzed to provide an answer to the current opportunities and challenges with MaaS. The results indicate that both public transport and carpools are essential parts to even consider developing MaaS further and to be able to compete with privately owned vehicles. To be able to make MaaS an attractive transportation solution and to be able to develop this service further, thirdparty resellers have to be granted permission by PTAâs to sell their travel tickets, and that carpool cars have to be given a definition to receive parking subsidies. Next, it was concluded that a clearer added value is needed in order for private and public transportation operators to see the actual value that MaaS could potentially offer their businesses and customers. Moreover, both roles and responsibilities have to be determined to make transport operators aware of how an integration of their service into the MaaS ecosystem could affect them. Additionally, transportation operators that are operating within procured public traffic are limited in their ability to influence the development of MaaS, since they do not have the mandate to make that decision. On the contrary, private transport operators do have the ability to affect the development of MaaS and could have the potential to create their own MaaS solution.Till följd av ökad trafiktrĂ€ngsel och ökade utslĂ€pp inom transportsektorn i storstadsregioner sĂ„ efterfrĂ„gas nya hĂ„llbara resealternativ. Ett koncept som kallas mobilitet som tjĂ€nst (MaaS) har dĂ€rför ökat i intresse de senaste Ă„ren och tros ha potentialen att förĂ€ndra mĂ€nniskors sĂ€tt att resa. En av de stora utmaningarna för MaaS Ă€r dock att det Ă€nnu inte har presenterats nĂ„gon hĂ„llbar affĂ€rsmodell och det Ă€r oklart hur vĂ€rde kan skapas för de aktörer som övervĂ€ger att integrera sig till detta ekosystem. DĂ€rför Ă€r syftet med studien Ă€r att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder som transportoperatörer ser i samband med att integrera sig till ett MaaS koncept. Dessutom undersöks det vilka element som anses vara nödvĂ€ndiga för att MaaS ska fungera samt hur transportoperatörernas möjlighet och förmĂ„ga till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS skiljer sig. Studien Ă€r byggd pĂ„ en kvalitativ ansats vilket innebĂ€r att bĂ„de offentliga och privata aktörer frĂ„n transportindustrin intervjuades. En litteraturgranskning och affĂ€rsmodellteori anvĂ€ndes som utgĂ„ngspunkt i analysen av det insamlade empiriska underlaget. Resultatet i studien indikerar att kollektivtrafik och bilpooler Ă€r nödvĂ€ndiga element i en MaaS tjĂ€nst som mĂ„ste finnas pĂ„ plats för att MaaS ska kunna konkurrera med det privata bilĂ€gandet. För att fortsĂ€tta utveckla Maas mĂ„ste tredjepartsleverantörer fĂ„ tillĂ„telse att sĂ€lja kollektivtrafikbiljetter och bilpoolsbilar behöver definieras för att kunna kvalificeras för parkeringssubventioner. Dessutom krĂ€vs det att MaaS kan uppvisa ett tydligt vĂ€rde för privata -och offentliga transportoperatörer och deras kunder. De ingĂ„ende aktörernas roller och ansvar behöver bestĂ€mmas för att pĂ„ lĂ€ngre sikt förstĂ„ hur en integration till MaaS pĂ„verkar deras tjĂ€nst. Det kunde Ă€ven konstateras att transportoperatörer som jobbar som underleverantörer inom upphandlad kollektivtrafik Ă€r mer begrĂ€nsade till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS dĂ„ de inte innehar mandat för beslutsfattande. De transportoperatörer som jobbar pĂ„ kommersiell marknadsbasis har dĂ€remot inga begrĂ€nsningar till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS
Mobilitet som tjÀnst (MaaS) frÄn ett transportoperatörsperspektiv : Möjligheter och hinder
Congestion and pollution are challenges that have started to build pressure on urban cities to introduce more environmental-friendly transportation alternatives. One transport solution that has gained attention in the light of digitalization is a concept called mobility as a service (MaaS) that has the potential to change how people travel today. However, the main issue related to MaaS is that there is no sustainable or long-term business model in place, and it is unclear how value can be created for actors that are considering to integrate themselves to this ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to investigate what the potential opportunities and challenges are from a transport operatorâs perspective when considering to integrate their transportation service to MaaS. This study further addresses the key elements that are needed in this service and its system-level enablers, as well as, how transportation operatorsâ ability and desire differ to influence the development of MaaS. The study is moreover built on a qualitative research approach where actors from both private and public organizations were interviewed. The gathered data was in combination with a literature review and business model theory analyzed to provide an answer to the current opportunities and challenges with MaaS. The results indicate that both public transport and carpools are essential parts to even consider developing MaaS further and to be able to compete with privately owned vehicles. To be able to make MaaS an attractive transportation solution and to be able to develop this service further, thirdparty resellers have to be granted permission by PTAâs to sell their travel tickets, and that carpool cars have to be given a definition to receive parking subsidies. Next, it was concluded that a clearer added value is needed in order for private and public transportation operators to see the actual value that MaaS could potentially offer their businesses and customers. Moreover, both roles and responsibilities have to be determined to make transport operators aware of how an integration of their service into the MaaS ecosystem could affect them. Additionally, transportation operators that are operating within procured public traffic are limited in their ability to influence the development of MaaS, since they do not have the mandate to make that decision. On the contrary, private transport operators do have the ability to affect the development of MaaS and could have the potential to create their own MaaS solution.Till följd av ökad trafiktrĂ€ngsel och ökade utslĂ€pp inom transportsektorn i storstadsregioner sĂ„ efterfrĂ„gas nya hĂ„llbara resealternativ. Ett koncept som kallas mobilitet som tjĂ€nst (MaaS) har dĂ€rför ökat i intresse de senaste Ă„ren och tros ha potentialen att förĂ€ndra mĂ€nniskors sĂ€tt att resa. En av de stora utmaningarna för MaaS Ă€r dock att det Ă€nnu inte har presenterats nĂ„gon hĂ„llbar affĂ€rsmodell och det Ă€r oklart hur vĂ€rde kan skapas för de aktörer som övervĂ€ger att integrera sig till detta ekosystem. DĂ€rför Ă€r syftet med studien Ă€r att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder som transportoperatörer ser i samband med att integrera sig till ett MaaS koncept. Dessutom undersöks det vilka element som anses vara nödvĂ€ndiga för att MaaS ska fungera samt hur transportoperatörernas möjlighet och förmĂ„ga till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS skiljer sig. Studien Ă€r byggd pĂ„ en kvalitativ ansats vilket innebĂ€r att bĂ„de offentliga och privata aktörer frĂ„n transportindustrin intervjuades. En litteraturgranskning och affĂ€rsmodellteori anvĂ€ndes som utgĂ„ngspunkt i analysen av det insamlade empiriska underlaget. Resultatet i studien indikerar att kollektivtrafik och bilpooler Ă€r nödvĂ€ndiga element i en MaaS tjĂ€nst som mĂ„ste finnas pĂ„ plats för att MaaS ska kunna konkurrera med det privata bilĂ€gandet. För att fortsĂ€tta utveckla Maas mĂ„ste tredjepartsleverantörer fĂ„ tillĂ„telse att sĂ€lja kollektivtrafikbiljetter och bilpoolsbilar behöver definieras för att kunna kvalificeras för parkeringssubventioner. Dessutom krĂ€vs det att MaaS kan uppvisa ett tydligt vĂ€rde för privata -och offentliga transportoperatörer och deras kunder. De ingĂ„ende aktörernas roller och ansvar behöver bestĂ€mmas för att pĂ„ lĂ€ngre sikt förstĂ„ hur en integration till MaaS pĂ„verkar deras tjĂ€nst. Det kunde Ă€ven konstateras att transportoperatörer som jobbar som underleverantörer inom upphandlad kollektivtrafik Ă€r mer begrĂ€nsade till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS dĂ„ de inte innehar mandat för beslutsfattande. De transportoperatörer som jobbar pĂ„ kommersiell marknadsbasis har dĂ€remot inga begrĂ€nsningar till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS
JÀmförelsestudie av kylmodeller förserverhallar i Sverige
Data centers around the world are using energy to process large amounts of data. Energy consumption is increasing with accelerating data usage, and data traffic is expected to increase by 20 percentage units each year between 2016 and 2022. More data center operators choose to place their data centers operation in Sweden due to favorable climate conditions, cheap renewable electricity and technical skills. In data centers, the IT-equipment generates a large amount of heat which must be removed to ensure that servers maintain their performance and service life. The abducted heat can either be ventilated to the surroundings or be used to heat other premises. In this study, four cooling models were developed and evaluated from an economic and environmental perspective. For the economic perspective, a life- cycle cost for each system was calculated for 20 years, and for the environmental perspective, the carbon dioxide emission generated by the cooling systems were analyzed. The cooling systems that were compared were district cooling, free cooling with a cooling tower, cooling machine and heat pump with heat recovery to a district heating network. The cooling systems were further assumed to be used in their respective optimal operating environment. The cost analyses showed that there were large differences in the total cost between each respective cooling system. Free cooling with a cooling tower had the lowest cost while district cooling accounted for the highest cost. Selling waste heat to a district heating supplier could in this study reduce the total cost by approximately 27 %, for 20 years of use of a data center with an installed IT- power of 1 MW, provided that the electricity price does not change significantly from today's market price. The district cooling technique was the most expensive and has disadvantages due to current energy tax policies, because district cooling suppliers are not entitled to tax subsidy. In this work, carbon dioxide emissions were assumed to be caused only by electricity used for cooling equipment. This resulted in that the heat pump with heat recovery was the best option for minimizing carbon dioxide emission. Recovering heat could furthermore reduce the carbon dioxide emission significantly, provided that the electricity was cleaner than district heating.Serverhallar vÀrlden över anvÀnder sig av en stor mÀngd energi för att processa dagens enorma datamÀngder. EnergiÄtgÄngen ökar med ett stigande databehov, och datatrafiken förvÀntas att öka med 20 procentenheter varje Är mellan 2016 och 2022. Fler aktörer vÀljer att placera sin serverhallsverksamhet i Sverige pÄ grund av gynnsamma klimatförhÄllanden, billig förnyelsebar el och teknisk kompetens.I serverhallarna genererar IT-utrusningen en stor mÀngd vÀrme, som mÄste föras bort för att servrarna ska bibehÄlla sin prestanda och livslÀngd. Den bortförda vÀrmen kan antingen flÀktas ut till omgivningen eller tas tillvara pÄ för att vÀrma upp andra lokaler.I denna studie togs fyra kylmodeller fram och utvÀrderades utifrÄn ett ekonomiskt- och miljömÀssigt perspektiv. För det ekonomiska perspektivet berÀknades en livscykelkostnad för respektive system för 20 Är, och för miljöperspektivet analyserades vilka koldioxidutslÀpp driften av kylsystemen genererar. Kylsystemen som jÀmfördes var fjÀrrkyla, frikyla med kyltorn, kylmaskin och kylvÀrmepump med vÀrmeÄtervinning till ett fjÀrrvÀrmenÀt.Kylsystemen antogs vidare att anvÀndas i deras respektive optimala driftsmiljö. Kostnadsanalysen visade att det fanns stora skillnader i totalkostnad mellan de respektive kylsystemen. Frikyla med kyltorn hade den lÀgsta kostnaden medan fjÀrrkylatekniken stod för den högsta kostnaden. Att sÀlja spillvÀrmen till en fjÀrrvÀrmeleverantör kunde i denna studie reducera totalkostnaden med cirka 27 %, för 20 Ärs anvÀndning av en serverhall med 1 MW installerad IT-effekt. Men detta under förutsÀttningen att elpriset inte Àndrar sig signifikant frÄn dagens marknadspris. FjÀrrkylatekniken var dyrast och missgynnas pÄ grund av rÄdande energiskattepolitik, eftersom fjÀrrkylaleverantörer inte fÄr ta del av skattesubventioner pÄ el.I detta arbete antogs koldioxidutslÀppen endast orsakas av anvÀnd el för kylutrustningen. Detta gav att kylvÀrmepumpen med vÀrmeÄtervinning var det bÀsta alternativet för att minimera koldioxidutslÀppen. Att Ätervinna vÀrmen kunde vidare Àven reducera nettoutslÀppen av koldioxid kraftigt, men under förutsÀttningen att den anvÀnda elen var renare Àn fjÀrrvÀrmen
JÀmförelsestudie av kylmodeller förserverhallar i Sverige
Data centers around the world are using energy to process large amounts of data. Energy consumption is increasing with accelerating data usage, and data traffic is expected to increase by 20 percentage units each year between 2016 and 2022. More data center operators choose to place their data centers operation in Sweden due to favorable climate conditions, cheap renewable electricity and technical skills. In data centers, the IT-equipment generates a large amount of heat which must be removed to ensure that servers maintain their performance and service life. The abducted heat can either be ventilated to the surroundings or be used to heat other premises. In this study, four cooling models were developed and evaluated from an economic and environmental perspective. For the economic perspective, a life- cycle cost for each system was calculated for 20 years, and for the environmental perspective, the carbon dioxide emission generated by the cooling systems were analyzed. The cooling systems that were compared were district cooling, free cooling with a cooling tower, cooling machine and heat pump with heat recovery to a district heating network. The cooling systems were further assumed to be used in their respective optimal operating environment. The cost analyses showed that there were large differences in the total cost between each respective cooling system. Free cooling with a cooling tower had the lowest cost while district cooling accounted for the highest cost. Selling waste heat to a district heating supplier could in this study reduce the total cost by approximately 27 %, for 20 years of use of a data center with an installed IT- power of 1 MW, provided that the electricity price does not change significantly from today's market price. The district cooling technique was the most expensive and has disadvantages due to current energy tax policies, because district cooling suppliers are not entitled to tax subsidy. In this work, carbon dioxide emissions were assumed to be caused only by electricity used for cooling equipment. This resulted in that the heat pump with heat recovery was the best option for minimizing carbon dioxide emission. Recovering heat could furthermore reduce the carbon dioxide emission significantly, provided that the electricity was cleaner than district heating.Serverhallar vÀrlden över anvÀnder sig av en stor mÀngd energi för att processa dagens enorma datamÀngder. EnergiÄtgÄngen ökar med ett stigande databehov, och datatrafiken förvÀntas att öka med 20 procentenheter varje Är mellan 2016 och 2022. Fler aktörer vÀljer att placera sin serverhallsverksamhet i Sverige pÄ grund av gynnsamma klimatförhÄllanden, billig förnyelsebar el och teknisk kompetens.I serverhallarna genererar IT-utrusningen en stor mÀngd vÀrme, som mÄste föras bort för att servrarna ska bibehÄlla sin prestanda och livslÀngd. Den bortförda vÀrmen kan antingen flÀktas ut till omgivningen eller tas tillvara pÄ för att vÀrma upp andra lokaler.I denna studie togs fyra kylmodeller fram och utvÀrderades utifrÄn ett ekonomiskt- och miljömÀssigt perspektiv. För det ekonomiska perspektivet berÀknades en livscykelkostnad för respektive system för 20 Är, och för miljöperspektivet analyserades vilka koldioxidutslÀpp driften av kylsystemen genererar. Kylsystemen som jÀmfördes var fjÀrrkyla, frikyla med kyltorn, kylmaskin och kylvÀrmepump med vÀrmeÄtervinning till ett fjÀrrvÀrmenÀt.Kylsystemen antogs vidare att anvÀndas i deras respektive optimala driftsmiljö. Kostnadsanalysen visade att det fanns stora skillnader i totalkostnad mellan de respektive kylsystemen. Frikyla med kyltorn hade den lÀgsta kostnaden medan fjÀrrkylatekniken stod för den högsta kostnaden. Att sÀlja spillvÀrmen till en fjÀrrvÀrmeleverantör kunde i denna studie reducera totalkostnaden med cirka 27 %, för 20 Ärs anvÀndning av en serverhall med 1 MW installerad IT-effekt. Men detta under förutsÀttningen att elpriset inte Àndrar sig signifikant frÄn dagens marknadspris. FjÀrrkylatekniken var dyrast och missgynnas pÄ grund av rÄdande energiskattepolitik, eftersom fjÀrrkylaleverantörer inte fÄr ta del av skattesubventioner pÄ el.I detta arbete antogs koldioxidutslÀppen endast orsakas av anvÀnd el för kylutrustningen. Detta gav att kylvÀrmepumpen med vÀrmeÄtervinning var det bÀsta alternativet för att minimera koldioxidutslÀppen. Att Ätervinna vÀrmen kunde vidare Àven reducera nettoutslÀppen av koldioxid kraftigt, men under förutsÀttningen att den anvÀnda elen var renare Àn fjÀrrvÀrmen
Mobilitet som tjÀnst (MaaS) frÄn ett transportoperatörsperspektiv : Möjligheter och hinder
Congestion and pollution are challenges that have started to build pressure on urban cities to introduce more environmental-friendly transportation alternatives. One transport solution that has gained attention in the light of digitalization is a concept called mobility as a service (MaaS) that has the potential to change how people travel today. However, the main issue related to MaaS is that there is no sustainable or long-term business model in place, and it is unclear how value can be created for actors that are considering to integrate themselves to this ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to investigate what the potential opportunities and challenges are from a transport operatorâs perspective when considering to integrate their transportation service to MaaS. This study further addresses the key elements that are needed in this service and its system-level enablers, as well as, how transportation operatorsâ ability and desire differ to influence the development of MaaS. The study is moreover built on a qualitative research approach where actors from both private and public organizations were interviewed. The gathered data was in combination with a literature review and business model theory analyzed to provide an answer to the current opportunities and challenges with MaaS. The results indicate that both public transport and carpools are essential parts to even consider developing MaaS further and to be able to compete with privately owned vehicles. To be able to make MaaS an attractive transportation solution and to be able to develop this service further, thirdparty resellers have to be granted permission by PTAâs to sell their travel tickets, and that carpool cars have to be given a definition to receive parking subsidies. Next, it was concluded that a clearer added value is needed in order for private and public transportation operators to see the actual value that MaaS could potentially offer their businesses and customers. Moreover, both roles and responsibilities have to be determined to make transport operators aware of how an integration of their service into the MaaS ecosystem could affect them. Additionally, transportation operators that are operating within procured public traffic are limited in their ability to influence the development of MaaS, since they do not have the mandate to make that decision. On the contrary, private transport operators do have the ability to affect the development of MaaS and could have the potential to create their own MaaS solution.Till följd av ökad trafiktrĂ€ngsel och ökade utslĂ€pp inom transportsektorn i storstadsregioner sĂ„ efterfrĂ„gas nya hĂ„llbara resealternativ. Ett koncept som kallas mobilitet som tjĂ€nst (MaaS) har dĂ€rför ökat i intresse de senaste Ă„ren och tros ha potentialen att förĂ€ndra mĂ€nniskors sĂ€tt att resa. En av de stora utmaningarna för MaaS Ă€r dock att det Ă€nnu inte har presenterats nĂ„gon hĂ„llbar affĂ€rsmodell och det Ă€r oklart hur vĂ€rde kan skapas för de aktörer som övervĂ€ger att integrera sig till detta ekosystem. DĂ€rför Ă€r syftet med studien Ă€r att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder som transportoperatörer ser i samband med att integrera sig till ett MaaS koncept. Dessutom undersöks det vilka element som anses vara nödvĂ€ndiga för att MaaS ska fungera samt hur transportoperatörernas möjlighet och förmĂ„ga till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS skiljer sig. Studien Ă€r byggd pĂ„ en kvalitativ ansats vilket innebĂ€r att bĂ„de offentliga och privata aktörer frĂ„n transportindustrin intervjuades. En litteraturgranskning och affĂ€rsmodellteori anvĂ€ndes som utgĂ„ngspunkt i analysen av det insamlade empiriska underlaget. Resultatet i studien indikerar att kollektivtrafik och bilpooler Ă€r nödvĂ€ndiga element i en MaaS tjĂ€nst som mĂ„ste finnas pĂ„ plats för att MaaS ska kunna konkurrera med det privata bilĂ€gandet. För att fortsĂ€tta utveckla Maas mĂ„ste tredjepartsleverantörer fĂ„ tillĂ„telse att sĂ€lja kollektivtrafikbiljetter och bilpoolsbilar behöver definieras för att kunna kvalificeras för parkeringssubventioner. Dessutom krĂ€vs det att MaaS kan uppvisa ett tydligt vĂ€rde för privata -och offentliga transportoperatörer och deras kunder. De ingĂ„ende aktörernas roller och ansvar behöver bestĂ€mmas för att pĂ„ lĂ€ngre sikt förstĂ„ hur en integration till MaaS pĂ„verkar deras tjĂ€nst. Det kunde Ă€ven konstateras att transportoperatörer som jobbar som underleverantörer inom upphandlad kollektivtrafik Ă€r mer begrĂ€nsade till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS dĂ„ de inte innehar mandat för beslutsfattande. De transportoperatörer som jobbar pĂ„ kommersiell marknadsbasis har dĂ€remot inga begrĂ€nsningar till att pĂ„verka utvecklingen av MaaS
JÀmförelsestudie av kylmodeller förserverhallar i Sverige
Data centers around the world are using energy to process large amounts of data. Energy consumption is increasing with accelerating data usage, and data traffic is expected to increase by 20 percentage units each year between 2016 and 2022. More data center operators choose to place their data centers operation in Sweden due to favorable climate conditions, cheap renewable electricity and technical skills. In data centers, the IT-equipment generates a large amount of heat which must be removed to ensure that servers maintain their performance and service life. The abducted heat can either be ventilated to the surroundings or be used to heat other premises. In this study, four cooling models were developed and evaluated from an economic and environmental perspective. For the economic perspective, a life- cycle cost for each system was calculated for 20 years, and for the environmental perspective, the carbon dioxide emission generated by the cooling systems were analyzed. The cooling systems that were compared were district cooling, free cooling with a cooling tower, cooling machine and heat pump with heat recovery to a district heating network. The cooling systems were further assumed to be used in their respective optimal operating environment. The cost analyses showed that there were large differences in the total cost between each respective cooling system. Free cooling with a cooling tower had the lowest cost while district cooling accounted for the highest cost. Selling waste heat to a district heating supplier could in this study reduce the total cost by approximately 27 %, for 20 years of use of a data center with an installed IT- power of 1 MW, provided that the electricity price does not change significantly from today's market price. The district cooling technique was the most expensive and has disadvantages due to current energy tax policies, because district cooling suppliers are not entitled to tax subsidy. In this work, carbon dioxide emissions were assumed to be caused only by electricity used for cooling equipment. This resulted in that the heat pump with heat recovery was the best option for minimizing carbon dioxide emission. Recovering heat could furthermore reduce the carbon dioxide emission significantly, provided that the electricity was cleaner than district heating.Serverhallar vÀrlden över anvÀnder sig av en stor mÀngd energi för att processa dagens enorma datamÀngder. EnergiÄtgÄngen ökar med ett stigande databehov, och datatrafiken förvÀntas att öka med 20 procentenheter varje Är mellan 2016 och 2022. Fler aktörer vÀljer att placera sin serverhallsverksamhet i Sverige pÄ grund av gynnsamma klimatförhÄllanden, billig förnyelsebar el och teknisk kompetens.I serverhallarna genererar IT-utrusningen en stor mÀngd vÀrme, som mÄste föras bort för att servrarna ska bibehÄlla sin prestanda och livslÀngd. Den bortförda vÀrmen kan antingen flÀktas ut till omgivningen eller tas tillvara pÄ för att vÀrma upp andra lokaler.I denna studie togs fyra kylmodeller fram och utvÀrderades utifrÄn ett ekonomiskt- och miljömÀssigt perspektiv. För det ekonomiska perspektivet berÀknades en livscykelkostnad för respektive system för 20 Är, och för miljöperspektivet analyserades vilka koldioxidutslÀpp driften av kylsystemen genererar. Kylsystemen som jÀmfördes var fjÀrrkyla, frikyla med kyltorn, kylmaskin och kylvÀrmepump med vÀrmeÄtervinning till ett fjÀrrvÀrmenÀt.Kylsystemen antogs vidare att anvÀndas i deras respektive optimala driftsmiljö. Kostnadsanalysen visade att det fanns stora skillnader i totalkostnad mellan de respektive kylsystemen. Frikyla med kyltorn hade den lÀgsta kostnaden medan fjÀrrkylatekniken stod för den högsta kostnaden. Att sÀlja spillvÀrmen till en fjÀrrvÀrmeleverantör kunde i denna studie reducera totalkostnaden med cirka 27 %, för 20 Ärs anvÀndning av en serverhall med 1 MW installerad IT-effekt. Men detta under förutsÀttningen att elpriset inte Àndrar sig signifikant frÄn dagens marknadspris. FjÀrrkylatekniken var dyrast och missgynnas pÄ grund av rÄdande energiskattepolitik, eftersom fjÀrrkylaleverantörer inte fÄr ta del av skattesubventioner pÄ el.I detta arbete antogs koldioxidutslÀppen endast orsakas av anvÀnd el för kylutrustningen. Detta gav att kylvÀrmepumpen med vÀrmeÄtervinning var det bÀsta alternativet för att minimera koldioxidutslÀppen. Att Ätervinna vÀrmen kunde vidare Àven reducera nettoutslÀppen av koldioxid kraftigt, men under förutsÀttningen att den anvÀnda elen var renare Àn fjÀrrvÀrmen
Metabolic effects of an aspartate aminotransferase-inhibitor on two T-cell lines
An emerging method to help elucidate the mode of action of experimental drugs is to use untargeted metabolomics of cell-systems. The interpretations of such screens are however complex and more examples with inhibitors of known targets are needed. Here two T-cell lines were treated with an inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase and analyzed with untargeted GC-MS. The interpretation of the data was enhanced by the use of two different cell-lines and supports aspartate aminotransferase as a target. In addition, the data suggest an unexpected off-target effect on glutamate decarboxylase. The results exemplify the potency of metabolomics to provide insight into both mode of action and off-target effects of drug candidates