90 research outputs found
Unintentional Climate Policy: Swedish experiences of carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth 1950-2005
This paper examines the development of carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden, especiallyn with a focus on the absolute reductions during the post-war period, during the 1970s and 1980s. The paper shows that the largest reductions were achieved before the introduction of an active climate policy in 1991. This was in turn the result of significant improvements in energy efficiency and energy conversion, while structural changes were considerably less important. One reason behind this decoupling process may be that the active energy policy put pressure on households and industries to conserve energy and to substitute from oil to electricity and biofuels. The process was substantially reinforced by the development of world oil prices in combination with the development of domestic electricity prices, where nuclear power seems to have played an important role.Sweden; climate policy; economic growth; carbon dioxide reduction; carbon tax
Heat in a cold climate. Household energy choices in the Scandinavian north, 1890-1970
This article examines the timing, scale and cause of transitions
between different kinds of household energy use and especially
heating in northern Sweden, with a focus on Norrbotten, between the
late nineteenth century and 1970. It examines the related but separate
histories of the adoption of new heating technologies, such as stoves
and boilers, and the choice of fuels, such as firewood, coke, oil, and electricity,
providing new data on the scale of consumption and timing of
transition. The article demonstrates the important linkage between domestic
fuel choice and labour markets, whether labour in farm and forest
affecting stove use in the nineteenth century, or increased female labour
participation outside the home and rising wages in the twentieth.
The article goes beyond discussions of price and technology to consider
the wider contexts of domestic use not only in terms of home life, but
also industrial development and labour markets in northern Sweden
Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and growth in the long run - Sweden through 200 years
Technical change, carbon dioxide reduction and energy consumption in the Swedish pulp and paper industry 1973-2006
This study examines the historical relation between carbon dioxide emission and output growth in the Swedish pulp and paperindustry 1973-2006. We find that the industry achieved an 80 per cent reduction in CO2 emission. Foremost energy substitution but also efficiently improvement contributed to the reduction. Growing prices of fossil fuel due to market price change and taxes and subvention, explains most of the efficiency improvements and substitution. Taxes on energy explain 40 per cent of the total reduction in CO2 intensity. Most of the reduction took place before the implementation of active climate policy in 1991.Sweden; Climate policy; economic growth; carbon dioxide reduction; carbon tax; paper and plant industry
Дотримання принципу науковості при формуванні у майбутніх викладачів природничих дисциплін сучасної наукової картини світу
(uk) Стаття присвячена актуальній проблемі формування у майбутніх викладачів природничих дисциплін сучасної наукової картини світу.(en) The article is devoted the issue of the day of forming for the future teachers of natural disciplines of modern scientific picture of the world
Effects of Warming on Intraguild Predator Communities with Ontogenetic Diet Shifts
Species interactions mediate how warming affects community composition via individual growth and population size structure. While predictions on how warming affects composition of size- or stage-structured communities have so far focused on linear (food chain) communities, mixed competition-predation interactions, such as intraguild predation, are common. Intraguild predation often results from changes in diet over ontogeny ("ontogenetic diet shifts") and strongly affects community composition and dynamics. Here, we study how warming affects a community of intraguild predators with ontogenetic diet shifts, consumers, and shared prey by analyzing a stage-structured bioenergetics multispecies model with temperature- and body size-dependent individual-level rates. We find that warming can strengthen competition and decrease predation, leading to a loss of a cultivation mechanism (the feedback between predation on and competition with consumers exerted by predators) and ultimately predator collapse. Furthermore, we show that the effect of warming on community composition depends on the extent of the ontogenetic diet shift and that warming can cause a sequence of community reconfigurations in species with partial diet shifts. Our findings contrast previous predictions concerning individual growth of predators and the mechanisms behind predator loss in warmer environments and highlight how feedbacks between temperature and intraspecific size structure are important for understanding such effects on community composition
The historical relation between banking, insurance and economic
We examine empirically the dynamic historical relation between banking, insurance
economic (income) growth in Sweden using time-series data from 1830 to 1998. We
examine long-run historical trends in the data using econometric tests for
cointegration and Granger causality. Our results indicate that the development of
domestic banking, but not insurance, preceded economic growth in Sweden during the
nineteenth century, while Granger causality was reversed in the twentieth century. We
also find that the development of bank lending in the nineteenth century increased the
demand for insurance as well as promoting economic growth. In later periods, the
development of insurance fosters demand for banking services but only in times of
economic prosperity. For the entire period of our analysis, we find that banking is the
predominant influence on both economic growth and the demand for insurance. In
contrast, the insurance market appears to be driven more by the pace of growth in the
economy rather than leading economic development. Therefore, we conclude that
financial intermediation, particularly banking, is an important prerequisite for
stimulating economic growth and argue that our results could have important policy
implications for contemporary emerging economies that are developing their financial
and legal infrastructures
Size-based ecological interactions drive food web responses to climate warming
Predicting climate change impacts on animal communities requires knowledge of how physiological effects are mediated by ecological interactions. Food-dependent growth and within-species size variation depend on temperature and affect community dynamics through feedbacks between individual performance and population size structure. Still, we know little about how warming affects these feedbacks. Using a dynamic stage-structured biomass model with food-, size- and temperature-dependent life history processes, we analyse how temperature affects coexistence, stability and size structure in a tri-trophic food chain, and find that warming effects on community stability depend on ecological interactions. Predator biomass densities generally decline with warming – gradually or through collapses – depending on which consumer life stage predators feed on. Collapses occur when warming induces alternative stable states via Allee effects. This suggests that predator persistence in warmer climates may be lower than previously acknowledged and that effects of warming on food web stability largely depend on species interactions
Competing models of organizational form: risk management strategies and underwriting profitability in the Swedish fire insurance market between 1903 and 1939
Mutual and stock insurers have coexisted and competed against each other in insurance markets for centuries. In this article, we examine the risk management strategies and underwriting profitability of the different organizational forms in Sweden's property fire insurance market between 1903 and 1939. We demonstrate that stock insurers acted as intermediaries between policyholders and reinsurers to operate effectively in the potentially high-risk segments of the fire insurance market. In contrast, nationwide mutual insurers kept larger reserves to balance fluctuations in claims experiences, while local insurance pools relied on social obligation and trust to mobilize capital after adverse fire events.</jats:p
Firm size and growth in Sweden's life insurance market between 1855 and 1947:a test of Gibrat's law
- …