259 research outputs found

    SuccĂšs d’une plantation de feuillus en forĂȘt post-agricole avec des protections contre les cervidĂ©s sous diffĂ©rentes largeurs d’ouvertures par bande

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    Suite Ă  l’abandon agricole, le nouveau milieu forestier en dĂ©veloppement est souvent peu diversifiĂ© en espĂšces d’arbres de grande valeur Ă©conomique. La solution qu’est la plantation d’enrichissement sous couvert doit intĂ©grer l’effet d’interception lumineuse des manchons protecteurs contre le broutage. À cette fin, des ouvertures du couvert par bandes larges de 3, 6 et 9 mĂštres, combinĂ©es Ă  deux manchons protecteurs Ă  petites et grandes mailles et Ă  un tĂ©moin, sont comparĂ©s. L’expĂ©rience analyse l’effet niveaux de lumiĂšre sur la croissance de plants de bouleaux jaunes et de chĂȘnes Ă  gros fruits allant de 8 Ă  46 %. L’ouverture de 9 mĂštres a Ă©tĂ© la plus avantageuse pour la croissance en hauteur et en diamĂštre du bouleau jaune, et ce pour les deux types de protections. Le protecteur Ă  petites mailles a limitĂ© la croissance de l’espĂšce dans les trois largeurs d’ouvertures. Le diamĂštre du chĂȘne Ă  gros fruits a Ă©tĂ© le plus faible dans cette mĂȘme protection. Avec une lumiĂšre accrue, le diamĂštre du chĂȘne Ă  gros fruits a augmentĂ© ainsi que la longueur moyenne des branches et la surface foliaire du bouleau jaune. La bonne croissance juvĂ©nile ou initiale du bouleau jaune en fait une espĂšce d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour l’enrichissement en forĂȘts. Une ouverture intermĂ©diaire d’une largeur de six mĂštres est envisageable pour rĂ©duire les perturbations et les coĂ»ts. La protection de type grandes mailles amĂ©liore davantage la croissance que l’autre, sous toutes les tailles d’ouvertures.Following abandonment of agricultural land, regrowth forests typically show a low diversity of tree species. One possible solution, enrichment underplanting, must consider protection against browsing, which hinders sunlight from reaching the seedlings. We examined the effects on growth of three different widths of strip opening (3, 6 or 9 meters) mixed with two protective sleeves (a small mesh and a large one). In the experiment, light levels reaching seedlings of yellow birch and burr oak range from 8 to 46 %PAR. The nine meters strip was the best to promote diameter and height growth of yellow birch, regardless of the protective sleeves used. The small mesh sleeve produced a smaller growth in all the openings, for both species in diameter and only for yellow birch in height. Burr oak diameter was also reduced by the small mesh protection. With increased light, mean length of branches and leaf area for yellow birch increased, as well as diameter for burr oak. Good growth of yellow birch makes it a species of interest for enrichment planting. A strip opening of 6 meters width could be enough to ensure artificial regeneration of yellow birch, while limiting disturbances and reducing costs. Large mesh sleeve would be best to maximize growth

    Expression of a splice variant of the platelet-activating factor receptor transcript 2 in various human cancer cell lines.

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    Platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) transcripts were analysed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in five human cancer cell lines derived from the breast (BT20, SKBR3 and T47D cells), the pancreas (Miapaca cells) and the bladder (5,637 cells) in order to confirm the existence of a splice variant of the PAF-R transcript 2. After cloning and sequencing, we confirmed its existence in all cell lines. It consisted of the PAF-R transcript 2 lengthening with 82 nucleotides from the 3' end of exon 1 of the PAF-R gene. The role of this elongated form of the tissue-type PAF-R transcript in cell physiology remains to be elucidated

    DĂ©coupage virtuel interactif de corps Ă©lastiques pour simulation chirurgicale

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    ''RÉSUMÉ : La simulation chirurgicale dans un environnement de rĂ©alitĂ© virtuelle fournit un moyen de pratiquer certaines opĂ©rations sans les risques associĂ©s Ă  une intervention sur un patient ou le coĂ»t d’un mannequin. Afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer un sentiment de prĂ©sence, on cherche Ă  produire un environnement le plus complet possible, incluant une vision 3D, un retour haptique, des interactions crĂ©dibles et un comportement physique rĂ©aliste des objets prĂ©sents. La recherche prĂ©sentĂ©e ici porte sur la simulation physique du comportement d’organes mous, comme le foie ou le cerveau, ainsi que sur le dĂ©coupage de ces organes Ă  l’aide d’un scalpel, une interaction particuliĂšrement difficile Ă  reproduire virtuellement de façon rĂ©aliste. L’objectif principal est de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode de dĂ©formation Ă  la fois rĂ©aliste et efficace, et de permettre Ă  un utilisateur de dĂ©couper interactivement un objet simulĂ© par cette mĂ©thode, Ă  l’aide d’un outil tranchant virtuel. De plus, nous voulons que la dĂ©formation et les interactions soient dĂ©crites avec une grande prĂ©cision, tout en permettant d’effectuer les calculs trĂšs rapidement, pour une interaction fluide qui maintient le sentiment de prĂ©sence.''----------''ABSTRACT : Surgery simulation in a virtual reality environment provides a way to practice certain operations without the risks associated with performing surgery on a patient or the cost of using arealistic dummy. To facilitate immersion, we seek to produce an environment as complete as possible, including 3D vision, haptic feedback, credible interactions and a realistic physical behavior of simulated objects. The research presented in this document focuses on the physical behavior of soft organs, like the brain or liver, and on cutting these organs using a scalpel. It is especially difficult to reproduce virtually that interaction in a realistic way. The main objective is to develop a deformation method that is both realistic and efficient, and to allow a user to interactively cut an object simulated through this method, using a virtual sharp tool. Furthermore, we want the deformation and interactions to be described with high precision while allowing for fast computations, for a smooth interaction that maintains immersion.'

    Évaluation de l'impact des erreurs numĂ©riques dans un logiciel de calcul de dose en radiothĂ©rapie par la mĂ©thode de Monte-Carlo sur GPU

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    RÉSUMÉ Cette Ă©tude se penche sur les erreurs issues de la reprĂ©sentation imparfaite des nombres rĂ©els par les ordinateurs dans le cadre de programmes de calcul scientifique, plus particuliĂšrement ceux exĂ©cutĂ©s sur carte graphique (GPU). Ces erreurs se produisent parce que les nombres manipulĂ©s constituent seulement une approximation des nombres rĂ©els, qui doivent donc ĂȘtre arrondis. En gĂ©nĂ©ral, les calculs sont faits avec une prĂ©cision suffisante pour donner les rĂ©sultats attendus, mais il arrive que les erreurs d’arrondi s’accumulent ou se combinent pour donner des rĂ©sultats inexacts. L’objectif de ce travail est de dĂ©terminer, Ă  l’aide d’une sĂ©rie de tests, si de telles erreurs sont prĂ©sentes dans un programme spĂ©cifique sur GPU, bGPUMCD. bGPUMCD est un programme utilisĂ© en radiothĂ©rapie pour simuler la quantitĂ© de radiation distribuĂ©e Ă  un patient. La simulation est basĂ©e sur une mĂ©thode de Monte-Carlo, c’est-Ă -dire qu’un grand nombre de particules sont simulĂ©es individuellement, avec leur trajectoire et leurs interactions, et l’énergie qu’elles dĂ©posent en chaque point du volume simulĂ© est enregistrĂ©e. Pour calculer le dĂ©pĂŽt d’énergie, le volume est divisĂ© en une grille rĂ©guliĂšre de voxels, qui contiennent chacun l’énergie donnĂ©e par toutes les particules qui les ont traversĂ©s. Pour Ă©valuer la prĂ©cision des rĂ©sultats de bGPUMCD, trois aspects des calculs sont testĂ©s : la prĂ©cision utilisĂ©e (simple ou double), l’implantation des fonctions arithmĂ©tiques (logicielle ou matĂ©rielle) et la dimension des voxels. Deux composantes de bGPUMCD sont Ă©galement analysĂ©es plus en profondeur : l’accumulation de l’énergie dans chaque voxel et le traçage de particule. Pour faciliter, de façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, l’analyse de programmes pour des erreurs numĂ©riques, une mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e de dĂ©tection d’erreurs est dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent la prĂ©sence d’erreurs importantes dans le processus d’accumulation d’énergie dans les voxels entourant les sources de radiation. Lorsque l’énergie atteint une certaine quantitĂ©, les contributions individuelles des particules sont trop petites pour avoir un effet lors d’une addition en prĂ©cision simple. Par ailleurs, une fonction importante pour le calcul de la trajectoire des particules retourne dans quelques cas rares un rĂ©sultat erronĂ©. Les autres aspects Ă©tudiĂ©s, soient l’implantation particuliĂšre des fonctions arithmĂ©tiques et la discrĂ©tisation en voxels, ne semblent pas causer d’erreurs majeures. Finalement, la mĂ©thode automatique d’analyse mise au point permet de dĂ©tecter les erreurs trouvĂ©es par d’autres moyens au cours de l’étude. Des erreurs d’origine numĂ©rique se produisent en effet dans bGPUMCD, sous des conditions trĂšs spĂ©cifiques. Certaines de ces erreurs sont facilement rĂ©parables, par exemple en changeant l’ordre de certaines opĂ©rations, tandis que d’autres nĂ©cessitent des changements majeursv dans les algorithmes utilisĂ©s. Les types d’erreurs dĂ©tectĂ©es sont trĂšs gĂ©nĂ©riques et peuvent se retrouver dans de nombreux programmes de calcul scientifique, qu’ils soient basĂ©s sur des mĂ©thodes de Monte-Carlo ou non ; nos rĂ©sultats peuvent donc servir d’exemples pour certaines situations auxquelles il est nĂ©cessaire de porter une attention particuliĂšre lors du dĂ©veloppement d’une application sur GPU.----------ABSTRACT This study examines errors produced by the representation of real numbers by processors in the context of a scientific program executed on a graphics processor (GPU). This representation only approximates real numbers and thus contains a rounding error. In most cases, this error is too small to significantly alter the computed values, but in some situations it can accumulate in such a way that the results become inaccurate or meaningless. The purpose of this work is to design a series of tests that will help determine whether such errors occur in a specific GPU-based program, bGPUMCD. bGPUMCD is used in radiation therapy to simulate the radiation distribution received by a patient. This simulation is based on Monte Carlo methods, by which a large number of particles are simulated individually to determine the amount of energy they deposit in every part of the simulated volume. The volume is divided into voxels for the purpose of energy scoring. To provide a general idea of the precision of bGPUMCD’s results, three aspects of the computations were tested: their precision (single or double), the implementation used for arithmetic functions (software of hardware) and voxel size. Additionally, two components of bGPUMCD, energy accumulation per voxel and particle tracking, were further tested. Finally, an automatic error detection method was implemented in order to provide an easier way to analyse programs for numerical errors. Major errors were detected in the energy accumulation process, in the voxels surrounding radiation sources. When the energy in a voxel reaches a certain threshold, contributions from individual particles are too small to be taken into account during a single-precision addition. In the particle tracking component, a function was found to return a meaningless value in some rare cases. The other tests indicate no major errors in other aspects of the computations (arithmetic functions and discretization). The automatic analysis method was able to detect the errors found by other means during the study. Numerical errors do occur in bGPUMCD, under very specific conditions. Some can be avoided by simply reordering some operations, while others require major changes in the algorithm. The detected errors arise from very simple computations which can be found in many program other than bGPUMCD, which may or may not be Monte Carlo simulations. When precision is important, careful consideration must be given to such possibilities

    Systematics and biology of some species of Micrurapteryx Spuler (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) from the Holarctic Region, with re-description of M. caraganella (Hering) from Siberia

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    During a DNA barcoding campaign of leaf-mining insects from Siberia, a genetically divergent lineage of a gracillariid belonging to the genus Micrurapteryx was discovered, whose larvae developed on Caragana Fabr. and Medicago L. (Fabaceae). Specimens from Siberia showed similar external morphology to the Palearctic Micrurapteryx gradatella and the Nearctic Parectopa occulta but differed in male genitalia, DNA barcodes, and nuclear genes histone H3 and 28S. Members of this lineage are re-described here as Micrurapteryx caraganella (Hering, 1957), comb. n., an available name published with only a brief description of its larva and leaf mine. Micrurapteryx caraganella is widely distributed throughout Siberia, from Tyumen oblast in the West to Transbaikalia in the East. Occasionally it may severely affect its main host, Caragana arborescens Lam. This species has been confused in the past with Micrurapreryx gradatella in Siberia, but field observations confirm that M. gradatella exists in Siberia and is sympatric with M. caraganella, at least in the Krasnoyarsk region, where it feeds on different host plants (Vicia amoena Fisch. and Vicia sp.). In addition, based on both morphological and molecular evidence as well as examination of type specimens, the North American Parectopa occulta Braun, 1922 and Parectopa albicostella Braun, 1925 are transferred to Micrurapteryx as M. occulta (Braun, 1922), comb. n. with albicostella as its junior synonym (syn. n.). Characters used to distinguish Micrurapteryx from Parectopa are presented and illustrated. These findings provide another example of the potential of DNA barcoding to reveal overlooked species and illuminate nomenclatural problems

    Catalytic behavior of biosorbents supported in zeolites

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    The catalytic oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 350 oC was investigated over a robust biosorption system consisting of a bacterial biofilm supported on NaY or NaX zeolites. The batch method has been employed using chromium concentrations in solution ranging from 50 to 250 mgCr/L. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency was 20% for Cr in both systems based in NaY or NaX. The bacterial biofilm, Arthrobacter viscosus, supported on the zeolite reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The Cr(III) is retained in the zeolite by ion exchange. The new biosorvents catalysts were characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR and ICP-AES), surface analysis (DRX) and thermal analysis (TGA). The various techniques of characterization used show that this biosorption process does not modify the morphology and structure of the FAUzeolites. These catalysts, Cr/FAU, prepared through this new procedure present good activity and selectivity for dichlorobenzene oxidation in wet air. The Cr50-Y was selected as the most active, selective and stable catalyst for oxidation of 1,2 dichlorobenzene in wet air.Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e a Tecnologia (FCT)Departamento de CiĂȘncias da Terra of Universidade do MinhoAgence de l’Environnement et de la MaĂźtrise de l’Energie (ADEME) and the RĂ©gion Poitou-Charente

    Oxidation catalysts prepared from biosorbents supported on zeolites

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    The catalytic oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene was investigated over NaYand NaX zeolites, loaded with chromiumthrough the action of a robust biosorption system consisting of a bacterial biofilm supported on the zeolites. The results of biosorption showed that the maximum metal removal efficiencywas 20%, in both systems based on NaYorNaX, starting fromsolutions with chromium(VI) concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mgCr/L. The bacterial biofilm, Arthrobacter viscosus, supported on the zeolite reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The Cr(III) is retained in the zeolite by ion exchange. The new catalysts were characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR ), chemical analyses (ICP-AES), surface analysis (XRD) and thermal analysis (TGA). The various techniques of characterization show that this biosorption process does not modify the morphology and structure of the FAUzeolites. These catalysts,Cr/FAU, prepared through this newprocedure present good activity and selectivity for dichlorobenzene oxidation in wet air at 350 ÂșC. The Cr50-Y was selected as the most active, selective and stable catalyst for oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in wet air.Departamento de CiĂȘncias da Terra of Universidade do Minho; Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e a Tecnologia (FCT) ; Agence de l’Environnement et de la MaĂźtrise de l’Energie (ADEME); RĂ©gion Poitou-Charentes
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