Activity-dependent regulation of T-type calcium channels by submembrane calcium ions

International audienceVoltage-gated Ca 2+ channels are involved in numerous physiological functions and various mechanisms finely tune their activity, including the Ca 2+ ion itself. This is well exemplified by the Ca 2+-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca 2+ channels, whose alteration contributes to the dramatic disease Timothy Syndrome. For T-type Ca 2+ channels, a long-held view is that they are not regulated by intracellular Ca 2+. Here we challenge this notion by using dedicated electrophysiological protocols on both native and expressed T-type Ca 2+ channels. We demonstrate that a rise in submembrane Ca 2+ induces a large decrease in T-type current amplitude due to a hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation. Activation of most representative Ca 2+-permeable ionotropic receptors similarly regulate T-type current properties. Altogether, our data clearly establish that Ca 2+ entry exerts a feedback control on T-type channel activity, by modulating the channel availability, a mechanism that critically links cellular properties of T-type Ca 2+ channels to their physiological roles

New pathways for the regulation of T-type calcium channels

Nouvelles voies de modulation des canaux calciques de type T.Grâce à leur rôle dans l'excitabilité cellulaire et l'homéostasie calcique, les canaux calciques de type T participent à différentes fonctions physiologiques telles que le sommeil ou le contrôle du rythme cardiaque et de la pression artérielle. Ils sont également impliqués dans certaines pathologies comme la douleur ou l'épilepsie. La régulation de l'activité des canaux de type T est encore mal connue et c'est l'enjeu de cette thèse. Dans une première partie, nous avons caractérisé l'effet de certains lipides endogènes sur ces canaux, en particulier les métabolites de l'acide arachidonique, et identifié le 5,6-EET comme un nouveau bloqueur des canaux de type T. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'existence d'un site de liaison des lipoamino acides sur les canaux de type T à l'aide d' d'expériences de compétitions réalisées avec un inhibiteur spécifique de ces canaux, la molécule TTA-A1.Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié la régulation par le calcium des canaux de type T. Nous avons montré que l'entrée de calcium par les canaux T eux-mêmes ou par activation des récepteurs P2X4 et NMDA induisait une inhibition du courant de type T. Le calcium activerait une phosphatase qui provoquerait un déplacement de la courbe d'inactivation à l'état stable vers les potentiels négatifs, réduisant ainsi la disponibilité des canaux. Ce phénomène d'inhibition du courant lié à l'entrée du calcium pourrait être un mécanisme de rétrocontrôle négatif limitant l'entrée de calcium dans la cellule afin d'éviter une toxicité provoquée par une concentration de calcium intracellulaire trop élevée. Suite à cette inhibition, lorsque l'entrée de calcium est arrêtée, le courant augmente. Cette augmentation semble être due à l'intervention de la protéine kinase Pak qui rendrait les canaux de type T disponibles.En conclusion, nous avons identifié et caractérisé deux nouveaux mécanismes endogènes de régulation des canaux de type T : une modulation par les lipides, et une modulation par les calcium et la protéine kinase Pak.New pathways of regulation of T-type calcium channels.Thanks to their role in cellular excitability and calcium homeostasis, T-type calcium channels are involved in several physiological functions such as sleep or control of cardiac rythmicity and vascular tone. They are also involved in some diseases such as pain or epilepsy. The regulation of T-type calcium channels is still poorly understood and that is the challenge of this thesis.In a first part of the study, we caracterised the effect of some endogenous lipids on these channels, particularly the metabolites of arachidonic acid, and identified the 5,6-EET as a new blocker of T-type channels. We then evaluated the existence of a binding site of lipoamino acids on T-type channels using binding experiments made with a specific inhibitor of these channels, the TTA-A1 molecule.In a second part, we studied the regulation of T-type channels by calcium. We showed that a calcium entry through T-type channels or through P2X4 and NMDA receptors activation induced an inhibition of T-type current. Calcium would activate a phosphatase which would trigger a shift of the steady-state inactivation curve toward negative potentials, reducing the availability of channels. This phenomenon of current inhibition due to calcium entry may be a feedback mechanism limiting calcium entry in the cell to avoid toxicity due to a too high intracellular calcium concentration. After this inhibition, when calcium entry is stopped, the current increases. This increase seems to be due to the intervention of the Pak protein kinase which would make T-type channels available again.In conclusion, we studied and caracterised tow new mechanisms of T-type channels regulation: a modulation by lipids, and a modulation by calcium and the Pak protein kinase

Modulation of T-type calcium channels by bioactive lipids

International audienc

Nouvelles voies de modulation des canaux calciques de type T

Nouvelles voies de modulation des canaux calciques de type T.Grâce à leur rôle dans l'excitabilité cellulaire et l'homéostasie calcique, les canaux calciques de type T participent à différentes fonctions physiologiques telles que le sommeil ou le contrôle du rythme cardiaque et de la pression artérielle. Ils sont également impliqués dans certaines pathologies comme la douleur ou l'épilepsie. La régulation de l'activité des canaux de type T est encore mal connue et c'est l'enjeu de cette thèse. Dans une première partie, nous avons caractérisé l'effet de certains lipides endogènes sur ces canaux, en particulier les métabolites de l'acide arachidonique, et identifié le 5,6-EET comme un nouveau bloqueur des canaux de type T. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'existence d'un site de liaison des lipoamino acides sur les canaux de type T à l'aide d' d'expériences de compétitions réalisées avec un inhibiteur spécifique de ces canaux, la molécule TTA-A1.Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié la régulation par le calcium des canaux de type T. Nous avons montré que l'entrée de calcium par les canaux T eux-mêmes ou par activation des récepteurs P2X4 et NMDA induisait une inhibition du courant de type T. Le calcium activerait une phosphatase qui provoquerait un déplacement de la courbe d'inactivation à l'état stable vers les potentiels négatifs, réduisant ainsi la disponibilité des canaux. Ce phénomène d'inhibition du courant lié à l'entrée du calcium pourrait être un mécanisme de rétrocontrôle négatif limitant l'entrée de calcium dans la cellule afin d'éviter une toxicité provoquée par une concentration de calcium intracellulaire trop élevée. Suite à cette inhibition, lorsque l'entrée de calcium est arrêtée, le courant augmente. Cette augmentation semble être due à l'intervention de la protéine kinase Pak qui rendrait les canaux de type T disponibles.En conclusion, nous avons identifié et caractérisé deux nouveaux mécanismes endogènes de régulation des canaux de type T : une modulation par les lipides, et une modulation par les calcium et la protéine kinase Pak.New pathways of regulation of T-type calcium channels.Thanks to their role in cellular excitability and calcium homeostasis, T-type calcium channels are involved in several physiological functions such as sleep or control of cardiac rythmicity and vascular tone. They are also involved in some diseases such as pain or epilepsy. The regulation of T-type calcium channels is still poorly understood and that is the challenge of this thesis.In a first part of the study, we caracterised the effect of some endogenous lipids on these channels, particularly the metabolites of arachidonic acid, and identified the 5,6-EET as a new blocker of T-type channels. We then evaluated the existence of a binding site of lipoamino acids on T-type channels using binding experiments made with a specific inhibitor of these channels, the TTA-A1 molecule.In a second part, we studied the regulation of T-type channels by calcium. We showed that a calcium entry through T-type channels or through P2X4 and NMDA receptors activation induced an inhibition of T-type current. Calcium would activate a phosphatase which would trigger a shift of the steady-state inactivation curve toward negative potentials, reducing the availability of channels. This phenomenon of current inhibition due to calcium entry may be a feedback mechanism limiting calcium entry in the cell to avoid toxicity due to a too high intracellular calcium concentration. After this inhibition, when calcium entry is stopped, the current increases. This increase seems to be due to the intervention of the Pak protein kinase which would make T-type channels available again.In conclusion, we studied and caracterised tow new mechanisms of T-type channels regulation: a modulation by lipids, and a modulation by calcium and the Pak protein kinase.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Activity-dependent regulation of T-type calcium channels by submembrane calcium ions

International audienceVoltage-gated Ca 2+ channels are involved in numerous physiological functions and various mechanisms finely tune their activity, including the Ca 2+ ion itself. This is well exemplified by the Ca 2+-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca 2+ channels, whose alteration contributes to the dramatic disease Timothy Syndrome. For T-type Ca 2+ channels, a long-held view is that they are not regulated by intracellular Ca 2+. Here we challenge this notion by using dedicated electrophysiological protocols on both native and expressed T-type Ca 2+ channels. We demonstrate that a rise in submembrane Ca 2+ induces a large decrease in T-type current amplitude due to a hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation. Activation of most representative Ca 2+-permeable ionotropic receptors similarly regulate T-type current properties. Altogether, our data clearly establish that Ca 2+ entry exerts a feedback control on T-type channel activity, by modulating the channel availability, a mechanism that critically links cellular properties of T-type Ca 2+ channels to their physiological roles

5,6-EET potently inhibits T-type calcium channels: implication in the regulation of the vascular tone

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A novel phospho-modulatory mechanism contributes to the calcium-dependent regulation of T-type Ca2+ channels

International audienceca v 3 / T-type Ca 2+ channels are dynamically regulated by intracellular ca 2+ ions, which inhibit Ca v 3 availability. Here, we demonstrate that this inhibition becomes irreversible in the presence of non-hydrolysable ATP analogs, resulting in a strong hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation of the residual ca v 3 current. Importantly, the effect of these ATP analogs was prevented in the presence of intracellular BAPTA. Additional findings obtained using intracellular dialysis of inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase or nan 3 treatment further support the involvement of a phosphorylation mechanism. Contrasting with Ca v 1 and Ca v 2 Ca 2+ channels, the Ca 2+-dependent modulation of ca v 3 channels appears to be independent of calmodulin, calcineurin and endocytic pathways. Similar findings were obtained for the native T-type Ca 2+ current recorded in rat thalamic neurons of the central medial nucleus. Overall, our data reveal a new Ca 2+ sensitive phosphorylation-dependent mechanism regulating ca v 3 channels, with potentially important physiological implications for the multiple cell functions controlled by t-type ca 2+ channels

Non-classical ligand-independent regulation of Go protein by an orphan Class C GPCR

International audienceThe orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR158 is expressed in the brain, where it is involved in the osteocalcin effect on cognitive processes, and at the periphery, where it may contribute to glaucoma and cancers. GPR158 forms a complex with RGS7-β5, leading to the regulation of neighboring GPCR-induced Go protein activity. GPR158 also interacts with αo, although no canonical Go coupling has been reported. GPR158 displays three VCPWE motifs in its C-terminal domain that are putatively involved in G-protein regulation. Here, we addressed the scaffolding function of GPR158 and its VCPWE motifs on Go. We observed that GPR158 interacted with and stabilized the amount of RGS7-β5 through a 50-residue region downstream of its transmembrane domain and upstream of the VCPWE motifs. We show that two VCPWE motifs are involved in αo binding. Using a Gαo-βγ bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensor, we found that GPR158 decreases the BRET signal as observed upon G-protein activation; however, no constitutive activity of GPR158 could be detected through the measurement of various G-protein-mediated downstream responses. We propose that the effect of GPR158 on Go is unlikely due to a canonical activation of Go, but rather to the trapping of Gαo by the VCPWE motifs, possibly leading to its dissociation from βγ Such action of GPR158 is expected to prolong the βγ activity, as also observed with some activators of G-protein signaling. Taken together, our data revealed a complex functional scaffolding or signaling role for GPR158 controlling Go through an original mechanism

Peptidomimetic Targeting of Cavβ2 Overcomes Dysregulation of the L-Type Calcium Channel Density and Recovers Cardiac Function

Background: L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) play important roles in regulating cardiomyocyte physiology, which is governed by appropriate LTCC trafficking to and density at the cell surface. Factors influencing the expression, half-life, subcellular trafficking, and gating of LTCCs are therefore critically involved in conditions of cardiac physiology and disease. Methods: Yeast 2-hybrid screenings, biochemical and molecular evaluations, protein interaction assays, fluorescence microscopy, structural molecular modeling, and functional studies were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms through which the LTCC Cavβ2 chaperone regulates channel density at the plasma membrane. Results: On the basis of our previous results, we found a direct linear correlation between the total amount of the LTCC pore-forming Cav1.2 and the Akt-dependent phosphorylation status of Cavβ2 both in a mouse model of diabetic cardiac disease and in 6 diabetic and 7 nondiabetic cardiomyopathy patients with aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that a conformational change in Cavβ2 triggered by Akt phosphorylation increases LTCC density at the cardiac plasma membrane, and thus the inward calcium current, through a complex pathway involving reduction of Cav1.2 retrograde trafficking and protein degradation through the prevention of dynamin-mediated LTCC endocytosis; promotion of Cav1.2 anterograde trafficking by blocking Kir/Gem-dependent sequestration of Cavβ2, thus facilitating the chaperoning of Cav1.2; and promotion of Cav1.2 transcription by the prevention of Kir/Gem-mediated shuttling of Cavβ2 to the nucleus, where it limits the transcription of Cav1.2 through recruitment of the heterochromatin protein 1γ epigenetic repressor to the Cacna1c promoter. On the basis of this mechanism, we developed a novel mimetic peptide that, through targeting of Cavβ2, corrects LTCC life-cycle alterations, facilitating the proper function of cardiac cells. Delivery of mimetic peptide into a mouse model of diabetic cardiac disease associated with LTCC abnormalities restored impaired calcium balance and recovered cardiac function. Conclusions: We have uncovered novel mechanisms modulating LTCC trafficking and life cycle and provide proof of concept for the use of Cavβ2 mimetic peptide as a novel therapeutic tool for the improvement of cardiac conditions correlated with alterations in LTCC levels and function