343 research outputs found
A Panel Analysis of the FDI Impact on International Trade
This paper examines the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and international trade. Specifically, the relationship between the stock of outward FDI, and inward FDI and Imports and Exports in the Portuguese economy. This paper also studies some technical problems associated with panel data have frequently been ignored in previous studies. The problems of serial and contemporaneous correlation have not been taken into account by a panel approach and, as we know, they can have an impact on estimates and statistical inferences. The results show that there exist a country-specific effect on the corrected panel data of heteroscedasticity and correltion and a complementary relationship between trade and inward stock of FDI.FDI, Trade, Gravity Analysis, Panel Data
A Panel Analysis of the FDI Impact on International Trade
This paper examines the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and international trade. Specifically, the relationship between the stocks of inward FDI and outward FDI, and Imports and Exports in the Portuguese economy. This paper also studies some technical problems associated with panel data, which have frequently been ignored in previous studies. The problems of serial and contemporaneous correlation have not been taken into account by a panel approach and, as we know, they can have an impact on estimates and statistical inferences. The results show that there exists a complementary relationship between trade and inward stock of FDI and also a country-specific effect on the corrected panel data of heteroscedasticity and correlation.FDI; Trade; Gravity Analysis; Panel Data
Enfermagem no desporto: Que formação? Que competências? Uma perspectiva
A enfermagem no desporto: que formação? Que competências?
A enfermagem no desporto é um contexto da nossa prática nem
sempre pensado, apesar de todos conhecermos enfermeiros que aí
trabalham e alguns de vós aí exercer atividade como enfermeiros. A
literatura é escassa e os planos curriculares da formação em enfermagem
também não pensam neste contexto de trabalho, no entanto o estudo
feito em 2001 pela OE sobre reconhecimento da individualização das
especialidades em enfermagem os três cenários apresentados falavam
da enfermagem do desporto.
Por isso, este simpósio é um desafio, implicando reflexão, especulação,
transferência de saberes e o escutar com atenção os colegas que
trabalham nestes contextos.
As questões formuladas como ponto de partida da nossa reflexão
foram as seguintes:
Quem são os enfermeiros do desporto? Que atividades desenvolvem?
A formação em enfermagem dá-lhes competências para exercerem
este papel? Que formação específica possuem? Como se desenvolveram,
e desenvolvem as competências próprias do enfermeiro do desporto?
O trabalho de exploração para dar resposta a estas questões
desenvolveu-se através do aprofundar conceitos, saberes, conversar com
os colegas que estão no desporto e escutar com atenção os testemunhos
dos enfermeiros preletores da mesa redonda deste simpósio "Ser
enfermeiro no desporto':
Assim, os objetivos desta reflexão são os seguintes: - Refletir sobre
o dito; Analisar os conceitos enfermagem e desporto; Refletir sobre a
formação formal, a formação em contexto de trabalho e a aquisição de
competências dos enfermeiros do desporto.
Deste modo esta comunicação estrutura-se em três partes. Uma
primeira parte, reflete o dito pelos enfermeiros que exercem actividade
no desporto. A segunda parte analisa e relaciona os conceitos de
enfermagem, competência e desporto. Na terceira e última parte faz-se
novo questionamento que formação e competências do enfermeiro no
desporto? apresentando uma perspectiva.Nursing in sport: what training? What skills?
Nursing in the sport ‘s context is not always thought in our practice, even though we all know nurses in that area and there are some of you who work and pursue work as sports nurses. The literature is scarce and the curriculum of nurse training do not think this work context, however the study
made in 2001 by OE on recognition of the individualization of
specialties in nursing the three scenarios presented spoke about
nursing sport.
Therefore, this symposium is a challenge, involving reflection, speculation,
transference of knowledge and listening carefully to colleagues who
work in these contexts.
The questions posed as a starting point of our reflection
were as follows:
Who are the nurses of the sport? What activities do they develop?
The nurse training gives them skills to carry
this role? What specific training have? How have the skills of the sport’s nurse have developed?
The exploration work to address these issues have developed through the furthering of the concepts, the knowledge and through talks with colleagues who are in sports and listen carefully to the testimonies nurses lecturers of this roundtable symposium "Being nurse in sport ': The objectives of this reflection are: - To reflect on the said; analyse the concepts nursing and sport; Reflect on formal training, training in the workplace and the acquisition of skills of nurses in sport.
Thus this communication is structured in three parts. The first part reflects on the said by nurses who work in sports. The second part examines and relates the concepts nursing competence and sport. In the third and last part is done a
new question about the training and skills of nurses in sports? Presenting a perspective
A panel analysis of the FDI impact on international trade
Please do not quote without permission from the authors, as this is a preliminary version.This paper examines the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and international trade. Specifically, the relationship between the stock of outward FDI, and inward FDI and Imports and Exports in the Portuguese economy. This paper also studies some technical problems associated with panel data have frequently been ignored in previous studies. The problems of serial and contemporaneous correlation have not been taken into account by a panel approach and, as we know, they can have an impact on estimates and statistical inferences. The results show that there exists a country-specific effect on the corrected panel data of heteroscedasticity and correlation and a complementary relationship between trade and inward stock of FDI.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)Programa Operacional Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (POCTI) of the Quadro Comunitário de Apoio II
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The Portuguese National Ecological Reserve – A Mapping Tool for Landscape Planning
In Portugal, one of the legal frameworks which directly protect the fundamental systems of landscape is the National Ecological Reserve (REN). This instrument was created by the landscape architect Ribeiro Telles in 1983 and at that time its inclusion in the legislative system was considered a pioneering concept in the field of environmental protection. Alongside, it was created the National Agricultural Reserve (1982) that aims agricultural land protection which together with the Natura 2000, other classified areas, and National Ecological Reserve assembles the Fundamental Network of Nature Conservation (2008).
The National Ecological Reserve safeguards fundamental natural cycles and also a wide range of interfaces with high ecological value and sensitivity (beaches, marshes, dunes, cliffs, banks and flood threatened area by floods and sea). This legal framework includes the landscape systems which are critical to ecological stability assurance. Therefore, it constitutes a basic and diversified biophysical structure that guarantees the ecosystems protection which is essential to human activities.
At the municipal land use plan the Ecological Reserve delimitation is mandatory and forbids urban construction on those areas. It has been understood by local administration and private promoters as a blockage for local development by preventing built up areas. Until now, it has been pointed some difficulties regarding the clarity of the delimitation criteria that led to discontinuities between adjacent municipalities and created some obstacles to its implementation. However, this legal framework has allowed landscape protection and prevented some serious environmental problems.
Currently, National Ecological Reserve is undergoing through profound regulation changes that are leading to its dissolution. This fact has become inconsistent with the current European guidelines which strengthen the necessity of biodiversity protection - European biodiversity strategy (2011) - and nature conservation through the implementation of green infrastructures. These infrastructures are a support network of biodiversity and ecosystems that integrate the National Ecological Reserve.
Since the beginning of the 90’s, the Research Centre for Landscape Architecture “Prof. Caldeira Cabral” (CEAP / TUL) has been developing methodologies to improve the delineation of National Ecological Reserve criteria as part of the Ecological Network. This research is based on a positive vision of landscape as a resource of life-support services enlarging the current restrictive view of land use to a multifunctional approach
The ecological land suitability in the land-use plan: Sintra’s municipality case study
Peer Reviewe
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The Portuguese National Ecological Network - A Mapping Proposal
In Portugal, the Ecological Network (EN) was included in the Portuguese legal system in 1999 according to which it must be considered, delineated and implemented in all landscape plans at all spatial scales. Despite of all EU policies, in Portugal the EN is defined by the set of areas, values and key systems for environmental protection (article 14th of the Decree Law n. º 46/2009). Furthermore, at national level there is only the Program for National Planning Policy, which doesn’t include any EN delimitation.
This paper presents a methodology for the delineation of the National Ecological Network (NEN) based on: a) the physical sub-system which refers to physical components and their interactions; b) biological sub-system composed by habitats and flora; c) the network concept which is based on the vertical and horizontal connection of structures and information within the ecological system (Jongman, 1995; Magalhães, 2001). Moreover, the main notion of EN is to link ecosystems into a spatially coherent system through which materials and organisms flow (Opdam et al., 2006), as reflected in the Landscape-System methodology (Magalhães et al., 2007).
The Portuguese ecological networks, at different scales, has been developed according with the theoretical research and actual field of studies carried out by the Landscape Architecture Research Centre (CEAP/ISA/TUL) since the beginning of the 90s, and is closely related to the ecological landscape planning methods and policies adopted in European countries. The CEAP/ISA/TUL is developing a research project, funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology’s, aiming the proposal of a methodology for mapping and policies implementation for the NEN (Project reference: FCT-PTDC/AUR-URB/102578/2008).
The main goal of this paper is to present the NEN methodology as a component of the Landscape-System methodology (Magalhães et al., 2007) whose objectives are the maintenance, restoration or enhancement of nature conservation and biodiversity within a coherent system, safeguarding ecological and cultural values, complemented with potential multiple uses and respective evolution tendencies.
This study will focus on the NEN and will compare it with the regional and local case studies at scales 1/100.000 and 1/25.000 respectively
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Soft Mobility Towards Ecological Sustainability in Lisbon Metropolitan Area – case study of Almada Municipality
Automobile traffic congestion and air pollution in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), an area with close to 2.8 million people, has increased dramatically in the last 30 years as a result of suburban sprawl. The sheer size peri-urban areas have reached lends itself to urban politics and subsidized rents, an issue that has not yet been resolved due to lack of political will. This has driven down rental prices of old leases, accompanied by the degradation of buildings located in the city’s historic centre, and has also resulted in very high pricing of current leases inaccessible to most citizens. This is the way in which the peri-urban areas have grown, much like in many Western cities that have absorbed the rural exodus. Peri-urban areas also offer lower rents and housing prices than what historic centres offer. However, this growth has not been accompanied by a plan that accounts for the supply of transportation infrastructure and other public facilities or by relevant policies for the decentralization of employment.
The relocation of various services, in addition to office locations, from the inner city to periurban areas increased inefficiency in regards to transportation and automobile use with serious consequences for public transportation. For example, in 1998 LMA residents completed 4.9 million daily commutes to or from Lisbon of which 24% were on foot and 76% by motorized transportation. Of the motorized commutes, 57% were Individual Transports (IT); 36% were Collective Transports (CT); while 7% were a combination of both (DGTT, 2000).
Of the European Union-15 group members (the number of EU members prior to 2004), Portugal has the fastest-growing greenhouse emissions, with 40.5% in 2002 and 49% in 2010, rather than 27% mandated by the Kyoto Protocol. As a consequence, Portugal is facing a punitive fine in excess of 1.5 thousand million Euros for not complying with the emissions quota (REA, 2005). In October of 2012, the European Union Court of Justice declared that from 2005 to 2007, the Portuguese Republic did not meet the limit values established in Article 13 of Directive 2008/50/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council on the 21st of May, 2008 regarding the quality of ambient air and cleaner air in Europe.
All these factors have resulted in suburbs where individuals are responsible for their own transportation, spending much of their time commuting to and from work and home, in addition to household budgets with a high incident of transportation costs. Europe has already proved that augmenting road and highway infrastructures only leads to more automobile traffic congestion, thereby demonstrating the need to find new models of mobility (Export Group on the Urban Environment, 1996)
Containing clearly demarcated urban areas is one of the processes used to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution, among other benefits. Another process is the development of a multi-modal transportation system in which Soft Mobility plays an important role.
It is implicit that transport actors include all means of transportation, not excluding the pedestrian and the bicyclist. Cycling is the fastest mode of transportation in short distances up to 3 kilometres (Dekoster and Schollaert, 2000), which means greater adjustability when connecting to public transportation interfaces. The current lack of accessibility to transportation interfaces is considered to be a factor in the decision individuals make to use automobiles (Lowe, 1990). Addressing this particular aspect calls for the creation of more cycling paths linked to public transportation systems, in addition to improving the security and comfort of bicycle parking facilities. As much as possible, cycling paths should be integrated with ecological structures, thereby raising the standard of environmental quality. This concept is true at local and municipal levels and on a regional scale.
This article addresses this concept, showing the overall planning of projects with different types of Soft Mobility structures in various situations, from the restoration of old railroad lines to urban cycling networks with the underlying assumption of a mutually advantageous association between both mobility and ecological structures
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