The Enthusiast’s Eye: The Value of Unsanctioned Knowledge in Design Historical Scholarship

If design history research relies solely on institutionalized documentation and academic scholarship – that is, sanctioned knowledge – not only will its purview be limited to a very narrow segment of design culture, it will also lose out on a vast array of sources to valuable knowledge about our material environment produced by amateurs, collectors, and enthusiasts – what we in this article define as “unsanctioned knowledge.” Because of its dissociation with professional institutions and academic protocols and their – albeit admittedly utopian, but nonetheless upheld – ideals of objectivity, this type of knowledge is typically considered fundamentally subjective in nature and therefore of little or no relevance and value to academic scholarship. In this article, we argue that, to the contrary, design historical scholarship has much to gain from engaging more seriously with the unsanctioned knowledge represented by the enthusiast's eye

Reatividade em ambiente de contenção móvel: uma nova metodologia para avaliar o temperamento bovino Animal reactivity in a mobile cage: a new methodology to access bovine temperament

Descreve-se uma nova metodologia para medir o temperamento dos bovinos por meio da reatividade, obtida por um dispositivo eletrônico que quantifica o número e a intensidade dos movimentos do animal em ambiente de contenção móvel, numa escala de 1 a 9.999 pontos. A reatividade foi comparada a características determinadas por outros dois métodos tradicionais para quantificar o temperamento bovino: a velocidade de fuga e o escore de temperamento. Foram utilizados 610 bovinos da raça Nelore, com média de idade de 467 dias e provenientes de dois rebanhos. As observações da reatividade não se ajustaram às distribuições normal, Poisson e binomial negativa. A padronização e as transformações logarítmicas neperianas e na base 10 não foram eficientes para adequar os dados à distribuição normal. Os animais avaliados para a característica apresentaram grande variabilidade fenotípica, com reatividade média de 534&plusmn;447 pontos na escala original, mediana 442 pontos, moda 372 pontos, variação de 1 a 2.218 pontos e coeficiente de variação de 84%. A correlação de classificação de resíduos encontrada entre reatividade e escore de temperamento variou de 0,75 a 0,85 (PThis paper describes a new methodology to access bovine temperament using it's reactivity eletronically measured as the intensity and count of movements in a mobile cage, using a scale from 1 to 9,999 points. The new trait, reactivity, was compared to two other traditional methods, flying speed and temperament scores. Six hundred and ten contemporary Nellores, with average age of 467 days and from two herds were used. Reactivity data did not fit Normal nor Poisson nor Negative Binomial Distibutions. Standartized reactivity data, neperian and base 10 log reactivity transformations were not successful in adjusting data to normal distribution. Reactivity presented large phenotipic variation, with average in the original scale of 534&plusmn;447 points, median of 442, mode 372, range from 1 to 2,218 points and variation coefficient of 84%. Residual rank correlation between reactivity and temperament score vary from .75 to .85 (P<.001), and were larger than the ones between reactivity and flight speed and between flight speed and temperament score. The new methodology is efficient in measuring temperament of Nellore cattle and it has advantages in relation to the traits flight speed and temperament score. The measure of reactivity is easy, fast to get and safe to record. In addition, this trait presents large variability

Reactivity, performance, color and tenderness of meat from Zebu cattle finished in feedlot

The objective of this study was to study the animal reactivity and correlate it with performance and meat quality of cattle finished in feedlots. A total of 20 animals of the Tabapuã breed and 20 animals of the Nellore breed were confined for 112 days: 28 days of adaptation and 84 days of data collection. Performance was determined by the average daily weight gain (ADG) and average dry matter intake (DMI) estimated through the use of indicators. On the 1st, 42nd and 84th days of the experiment, two methods were used to measure the animal reactivity: animal reactivity in mobile cage and visual reactivity during handling. The characteristics of meat quality were evaluated by the color, shear force and pH24 after slaughter (pH24). Through the study of correlation, the degree and direction of linear association on animal reactivity, performance and meat quality were established. Regression equations were generated for the parameters evaluated according to the values of animal reactivity. Correlations between mobile cage and visual reactivity were 0.77, 0.56 and 0.45 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd evaluations, respectively. There was no correlation between animal reactivity and DMI. The correlations between ADG, pH24, and color with animal reactivity were -0.31, 0.40, 0.47 and -0.34, and -0.33 for mobile cage, 0.74, 0.71 and -0.51, for visual reactivity, respectively. The parameters of meat quality varied according to the reactivity. Undesirable values of pH24, animal reactivity and color were found when mobile cage reactivity was higher than 780, 590 and 540, respectively. In general, animals that show greater reactivity tend to have lower daily weight gain and lower meat quality. The reactivity can be used in animal breeding programs, in order to improve performance and meat quality of Zebu cattle finished in feedlot

Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND Clinical trials that have assessed the effect of revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease have routinely excluded those with advanced chronic kidney disease. METHODS We randomly assigned 777 patients with advanced kidney disease and moderate or severe ischemia on stress testing to be treated with an initial invasive strategy consisting of coronary angiography and revascularization (if appropriate) added to medical therapy or an initial conservative strategy consisting of medical therapy alone and angiography reserved for those in whom medical therapy had failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. A key secondary outcome was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 2.2 years, a primary outcome event had occurred in 123 patients in the invasive-strategy group and in 129 patients in the conservative-strategy group (estimated 3-year event rate, 36.4% vs. 36.7%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.29; P=0.95). Results for the key secondary outcome were similar (38.5% vs. 39.7%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.29). The invasive strategy was associated with a higher incidence of stroke than the conservative strategy (hazard ratio, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.52 to 9.32; P=0.004) and with a higher incidence of death or initiation of dialysis (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.11; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease, advanced chronic kidney disease, and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction