A comparative study on the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass by chemical and biological method

Ethanol derived from non-edible biomass is renewable and a clean source of energy. It is independent of the food industry and it is economically feasible. The first generation biofuel or bioethanol is still not a very convenient source of energy as it prominently depends on the availability of grains. The main objective of this work is to develop an industrious efficient process to produce ethanol from lignocellulosic biomasses like wood and leaf in a lab scale. Two processes were compared. The first process involved an alkaline pre-treatment of the powdered biomass followed by dilute acid hydrolysis. The second process involved an alkaline treatment followed by direct hydrolysis of the biomass by use of a fungal species obtained from rotting wood. Following hydrolysis, fermentation was performed using _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ and ethanol produced was measured. The process methodologies performed here are liable to be scaled up easily. The final study determines factors such as temperature, strength of the reagents and retention time to maximize ethanol production

Guru Neri and Thiruneri in Upadesamalai

Tiruvavaduthurai Athenathu pandara Satras fourteen. The books of grace in this collection are given by Arulthiru Ambalavana Desikar, Arulthiru Dakshinamurthy Desikar, Arulthiru Swaminatha Desikar and Arulthiru Perur Velappadesikas. Among them is The Admonition Venpa, one of the ten books of Grace given by Arulthiru Ambalavana Desikas. This book is written by the author in his language to express the blessings of his wise guru Namachivaya Murthis. This book condemns the ignorance that we will be directly subjected to yoga and meet the nitta, excluding the steps of right and work. This book emphasizes the clear method of receiving the fire through the teaching of the Jnanaguru and following its instructions properly and following the yoga system. In accordance with the Saiva ethics of 'Thirumeni Kandal of The Clear Guru' and 'Thiruvarthai Ketal of The Clear Guru', The Lord of The Guru, Namachivaya Murthis, has been blessed with the blessings of 'Enadurai dhanathuraiyaga. In the final verse of this book, He speaks of 'Namachivaya Murtis' as evidence of the enduring grace of The Ambalavana Desikas towards his jnanasiriyas. This article examines the conditions in which this book is translated into ways in which yoga can be attained through the aryans, the temple worship, the sariyai, and the work of the Shiva puja

Thirumangai Azhvar Thiruvullam in Madal literature

In vaishnava sidhanta, Bridal mysticism is called as Nayaka-Nayaki bavam. This approach is named as Mathura Bakthi. Namazhalvar, Andal and Thirumangai Azhvar composed many poems in the approach of Bridal Mysticism. Among these pomes, Thirumangai Azhvar’s Siriya Thirumadal and Periya Thirumadal have the uniqueness. Through these poems Azhvar, describes the greatfull bliss through the sensuality. In the state of a bride azhvar named as Parakalanayaki.  In Periya Thirumozhi also the experiences of Parakalanayaki sang by Azhvar. The endless sufferings of Parakalanayaki to attain the god is described in the Siriya Thirumadal and Periya Thirumadal. Parkalanayaki saw the Kudakoothu of krishna, her hero and fall in love with him. She totally surrendered in the feet of her hero. She renounced her femininity; She strongly decided to attain her hero through Madaletram. She dared to reach him even though it was a ignorant approach.  Even though it was not acceptable in the Tamil culture, she said that she would continue to follow the Northern norms. This article deals the Bakthi approaches of Thirumangai Azhvar with the references of Siriya Thirumadal and Periya Thirumadal

Parakalanayaki in Periyathirumozhi

Acharya Hirudayam is a book written by the Azhagiya Manavalaperumal Nayanar, which explains the devotion of the Tiruvaimozhi bestowed by Nammaazhvar, the lyrical techniques, the philosophical meaning of the epics and the ascendancy of the Divyadesas enshrined by Aazhvar. This article is based on the philosophical interpretation of Nammaazhvar's Agaththurai songs in the book, in the context of Thirumangaiyalwar's internal songs. Thirumangaiyalvar, describing Paramanma as the leader and himself as the leader, ‘arrogant in wisdom; He will speak in the position of a womanizer in love. When Aazhlvar forgets his identity and take the position of Thalaivi, he changes his name from 'Parakalan' to 'Parakalanayaki'. As such, this article explains the philosophical meaning of the proverbial hymns with the help of the astonishing philosophical text

Predicting and Recovering Link Failure Localization Using Competitive Swarm Optimization for DSR Protocol in MANET

Portable impromptu organization is a self-putting together, major construction-less, independent remote versatile hub that exists without even a trace of a determined base station or government association. MANET requires no extraordinary foundation as the organization is unique. Multicasting is an urgent issue in correspondence organizations. Multicast is one of the effective methods in MANET. In multicasting, information parcels from one hub are communicated to a bunch of recipient hubs all at once, at a similar time. In this research work, Failure Node Detection and Efficient Node Localization in a MANET situation are proposed. Localization in MANET is a main area that attracts significant research interest. Localization is a method to determine the nodes’ location in the communication network. A novel routing algorithm, which is used for Predicting and Recovering Link Failure Localization using a Genetic Algorithm with Competitive Swarm Optimization (PRLFL-GACSO) Algorithm is proposed in this study to calculate and recover link failure in MANET. The process of link failure detection is accomplished using mathematical modelling of the genetic algorithm and the routing is attained using the Competitive Swarm optimization technique. The result proposed MANET method makes use of the CSO algorithm, which facilitates a well-organized packet transfer from the source node to the destination node and enhances DSR routing performance. Based on node movement, link value, and endwise delay, the optimal route is found. The main benefit of the PRLFL-GACSO Algorithm is it achieves multiple optimal solutions over global information. Further, premature convergence is avoided using Competitive Swarm Optimization (CSO). The suggested work is measured based on the Ns simulator. The presentation metrix are PDR, endwise delay, power consumption, hit ratio, etc. The presentation of the proposed method is almost 4% and 5% greater than the present TEA-MDRP, RSTA-AOMDV, and RMQS-ua methods. After, the suggested method attains greater performance for detecting and recovering link failure. In future work, the hybrid multiway routing protocols are presented to provide link failure and route breakages and liability tolerance at the time of node failure, and it also increases the worth of service aspects, respectively

EXTRACELLULAR GLYCOLIPIDS FROM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AS BIOEMULSIFYING AGENTS IN FOOD PROCESSING

The development of food processing sector and increasing diversity in consumers' taste has continuously put forth different demands in the interdisciplinary research. In this research study, a demand for bio-based emulsifying agent to improve the oil-aqueous based food has been taken as a predominant destination. Extracellular glycolipids were produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 181 strain and basic characterization studies were performed.Further, the scope of the partially purified bioemulsifier in food processing was examined using different experiments and found to be more promising

Thermal Energy analysis using TRNSYS in PCM Storage Tank

Energy is released from different processes into environment everyday across the globe. With the augmentation of the population it isn�t realistic to expect the energy demand to decrease, therefore currently available energy should be used more efficiently .In that sense, latent heat storage (LHS) has been popularized in last few decades because it can improve energy savings of thermal energy systems. The present paper contributes in showing the effects on system of including phase change materials(PCM) in a thermal energy system. System analyzed here is hot water tank for domestic use purposes. Analysis of system has been done using simulation program TRNSYS. Results come in a form of graphs that show charging and discharging times, quantities of energy stored, and temperature profile of watertank

Assessing the Impact of Behavioral Activation Therapy on Physiological and Chemical Markers of Depression in Adolescents: A Study in Puducherry Schools

Background: According to WHO, Sep 2020 reported globally, depression is the leading cause of illness and disability among adolescents aged 15-19 years. Adolescence is a period in which an individual undergoes physical, psychological and cognitive changes. Additionally, the adolescent experiences changes in social expectations and perceptions. This affects how the adolescents feel, think, make decisions, and interact with the world around them. The main aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of Behavioral Activation Therapy on Bio-physiological and Biochemical measures on Depression among Adolescents. Methods: True experimental research design (Pretest and posttest design) was obtained for this study to check the feasibility of the effectiveness of Behavioral Activation Therapy among adolescents with Mild and Moderate Depression. Demographic variables and a standardized tool Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was given to the study participants. The total sample size was 150 adolescents with Mild and Moderate Depression. True experimental research design was used between two group pretest and posttest design). BMI and Salivary Cortisol was calculated prior to the interventions and after the interventions in experimental group and control group. Experimental group received Behavioral Activation Therapy and routine care for control group. Behavioral Activation Therapy involves 10 weeks sessions Situation-mood-activity cycle, solving intruistic issues, social skills training, shaping healthy behaviors, rewards and follow up behavior contract. Theduration of intervention was three months. After three months of duration Post test was conducted in both experimental and control group. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were tabulated by Sigma plot software

Effect of Collector Voltage on the Large and Small Signal Modulation Characteristics of 980 nm Transistor Laser

Theoretical analysis of Transistor Laser is carried out and the static and frequency responses for different collector voltages, under common emitter configuration are determined. The threshold current (Ith) is observed as 33mA and it increases linearly with reverse collector to base voltage (VCB). Meanwhile, the output optical power is found to decrease proportionately when VCB is increased. A maximum of 18.7GHz modulation bandwidth is observed when an input base current of 95 mA is applied at a fixed value of VCB (1V). The modulation bandwidth is found to decrease with increase in reverse VCB. The turn on delay increases with collector voltage. However, it decreases with increase in base current