Scrapie e seu diagnóstico diferencial em ovinos no Mato Grosso do Sul

Scrapie é uma doença infecciosa, neurodegenerativa fatal, causada pelo príon scrapie (PrPsc). Apresenta-se tanto na forma clássica em ovinos e caprinos geneticamente susceptíveis quanto na forma atípica em ovinos. A primeira notificação oficial do Brasil à Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal (OIE), um caso da forma clássica diagnosticado no Rio Grande do Sul ocorreu em 1985, mas a doença já havia sido diagnosticada no mesmo Estado em 1978. Este trabalho objetivou descrever dois surtos de Scrapie em ovinos em Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brasil e investigar, por meio de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) a presença de PrPsc no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) de ovinos examinados entre 2003 e 2010. Na primeira parte observaram-se dois ovinos com sinais clínicos típicos de scrapie, detalhando-se os sinais neurológicos, dados epidemiológicos, histopatológicos e amostras teciduais em duplicata desses ovinos foram encaminhadas para realização de diagnóstico de Raiva e para diagnóstico IHQ para príon. Na segunda parte realizou-se levantamento de laudos de necropsia e diagnósticos histopatológicos de ovinos, no período de maio de 2003 a março de 2010. Amostras de sistema nervoso central de 51 casos foram selecionados, incluindo os dois já com diagnóstico de Scrapie mencionados acima; os tecido de todos esses ovinos foram submetidos à IHQ para detecção de proteína priônica. Os 49 ovinos avaliados apresentaram resultado negativo na IHQ para príon

Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care addresses short-term conditions. Chronic conditions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared for these demands. This study examines the burden of conditions requiring acute versus chronic care, including sequelae. Conditions and sequelae from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 were classified into acute or chronic care categories. Data were analysed by age, sex, and socio-demographic index, presenting total numbers and contributions to burden metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and Years of Life Lost (YLL). Approximately 68% of DALYs were attributed to chronic care, while 27% were due to acute care. Chronic care needs increased with age, representing 86% of YLDs and 71% of YLLs, and accounting for 93% of YLDs from sequelae. These findings highlight that chronic care needs far exceed acute care needs globally, necessitating health systems to adapt accordingly

Sensitivity analysis, molecular systematics and natural history evolution of Scathophagidae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha: Calyptratae)

The 60 000 described species of Cyclorrhapha are characterized by an unusual diversity in larval life-history traits, which range from saprophagy over phytophagy to parasitism and predation. However, the direction of evolutionary change between the different modes remains unclear. Here, we use the Scathophagidae (Diptera) for reconstructing the direction of change in this relatively small family ( 250 spp.) whose larval habits mirror the diversity in natural history found in Cyclorrhapha. We subjected a molecular data set for 63 species (22 genera) and DNA sequences from seven genes (12S, 16S, Cytb, COI, 28S, Ef1-alfa, Pol II) to an extensive sensitivity analysis and compare the performance of three different alignment strategies (manual, Clustal, POY). We find that the default Clustal alignment performs worst as judged by character incongruence, topological congruence and branch support. For this alignment, scoring indels as a fifth character state worsens character incongruence and topological congruence. However, manual alignment and direct optimization perform similarly well and yield near-identical trees, although branch support is lower for the direct-optimization trees. All three alignment techniques favor the upweighting of transversion. We furthermore confirm the independence of the concepts ‘‘node support’’ and ‘‘node stability’’ by documenting several cases of poorly supported nodes being very stable and cases of well supported nodes being unstable. We confirm the monophyly of the Scathophagidae, its two constituent subfamilies, and most genera. We demonstrate that phytophagy in the form of leaf mining is the ancestral larval feeding habit for Scathophagidae. From phytophagy, two shifts to saprophagy and one shift to predation has occurred while a second origin of predation is from a saprophagous ancestor

Can Extensive Reticulation and Concerted Evolution Result in a Cladistically Structured Molecular Data Set?

Hierarchy is the main criterion for informativeness in a data set, even if no explicit reference to evolution as a causal process is provided. Sequence data (nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS) from Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) contains a certain amount of hierarchical structure as suggested by data decisiveness (DD) and distribution of tree lengths (DTL). However, ancillary evidence suggests that extensive gene flow and biased concerted evolution in these multi-copy regions have significantly shaped the ITS data set. This argument is discussed using parsimony analysis of four data sets, constructed by combining wild sequences with those from different generations of artificial hybrids (wild + F1, F2, and backcrosses; wild + backcrosses; wild + F1; wild + F2). As compared to the F1 hybrids, F2 show a certain degree of homogenization in polymorphic sites. This effect reduces topological disruption caused by F1 and is considered to be illustrative of how extensive gene flow and biased concerted evolution may have modeled the wild ITS data. The possibility that hierarchy has arisen as a result of ⎯or despite a significant contribution from⎯ those two such potentially perturbing forces raises the question of what kind of signal are we recovering from this molecular data set.This work has been supported by Grants DGICYT PB94-0110 and DGES PB97-1146 of the Spanish Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación CientíficaPeer reviewe

Effect of body posture on pharyngeal shape and size in adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea

Study Objectives: In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the severity and frequency of respiratory events is increased in the supine body posture compared with the lateral recumbent posture. The mechanism responsible is not clear but may relate to the effect of posture on upper airway shape and size. This study compared the effect of body posture on upper airway shape and size in individuals with OSA with control subjects matched for age, BMI, and gender. Participants: 11 males with OSA and 11 age- and BMI-matched male control subjects. Results: Anatomical optical coherence tomography was used to scan the upper airway of all subjects while awake and breathing quietly, initially when supine, and then in the lateral recumbent posture. A standard head, neck, and tongue position was maintained during scanning. Airway cross-sectional area (CSA) and anteroposterior (A-P) and lateral diameters were obtained in the oropharyngeal and velopharyngeal regions in both postures. A-P to lateral diameter ratios provided an index of regional airway shape. In equivalent postures, the ratio of A-P to lateral diameter in the velopharynx was similar in OSA and control subjects. In both groups, this ratio was significantly less for the supine than for the lateral recumbent posture. CSA was smaller in OSA subjects than in controls but was unaffected by posture. Conclusions: The upper airway changes from a more transversely oriented elliptical shape when supine to a more circular shape when in the lateral recumbent posture but without altering CSA. Increased circularity decreases propensity to tube collapse and may account for the postural dependency of OSA

Effect of body posture on pharyngeal shape and size in adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea

Study Objectives: In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the severity and frequency of respiratory events is increased in the supine body posture compared with the lateral recumbent posture. The mechanism responsible is not clear but may relate to the effect of posture on upper airway shape and size. This study compared the effect of body posture on upper airway shape and size in individuals with OSA with control subjects matched for age, BMI, and gender. Participants: 11 males with OSA and 11 age- and BMI-matched male control subjects. Results: Anatomical optical coherence tomography was used to scan the upper airway of all subjects while awake and breathing quietly, initially when supine, and then in the lateral recumbent posture. A standard head, neck, and tongue position was maintained during scanning. Airway cross-sectional area (CSA) and anteroposterior (A-P) and lateral diameters were obtained in the oropharyngeal and velopharyngeal regions in both postures. A-P to lateral diameter ratios provided an index of regional airway shape. In equivalent postures, the ratio of A-P to lateral diameter in the velopharynx was similar in OSA and control subjects. In both groups, this ratio was significantly less for the supine than for the lateral recumbent posture. CSA was smaller in OSA subjects than in controls but was unaffected by posture. Conclusions: The upper airway changes from a more transversely oriented elliptical shape when supine to a more circular shape when in the lateral recumbent posture but without altering CSA. Increased circularity decreases propensity to tube collapse and may account for the postural dependency of OSA