Live cell superresolution-SIM imaging analysis of the intercellular transport of microvesicles and costimulatory proteins via nanotubes between immune cells

Halász, Henriett1,+, Ghadaksaz, Ali Reza1,2,+, Madarász, Tamás1, Huber, Krisztina2, Harami, Gábor3, Tóth, Eszter Angéla2, Osteikoetxea-Molnár, Anikó2, Kovács, Mihály3, Balogi, Zsolt5, Nyitrai, Miklós1,4, Matkó, János2,*, Szabó-Meleg, Edin

Context- and Output Layer-Dependent Long-Term Ensemble Plasticity in a Sensory Circuit

Sensory information is translated into ensemble representations by various populations of projection neurons in brain circuits. The dynamics of ensemble representations formed by distinct channels of output neurons in diverse behavioral contexts remains largely unknown. We studied the two output neuron layers in the olfactory bulb (OB), mitral and tufted cells, using chronic two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice. Both output populations displayed similar odor response profiles. During passive sensory experience, both populations showed reorganization of ensemble odor representations yet stable pattern separation across days. Intriguingly, during active odor discrimination learning, mitral but not tufted cells exhibited improved pattern separation, although both populations showed reorganization of ensemble representations. An olfactory circuitry model suggests that cortical feedback on OB interneurons can trigger both forms of plasticity. In conclusion, we show that different OB output layers display unique context-dependent long-term ensemble plasticity, allowing parallel transfer of non-redundant sensory information to downstream centers

Carboxylate catalyzed isomerization of β,γ-unsaturated NAC thioesters

We demonstrate herein the capacity of simple carboxylate salts – tetrametylammo-nium and tetramethylguanidinium pivalate – to act as catalysts in the isomerization of β,γ-unsaturated thioesters to α,β-unsaturated thioesters. The carboxylate catalysts gave reaction rates comparable to those obtained with DBU, but with fewer side reactions. The reaction exhibits a normal secondary kinetic isotope effect (k1H/k1D = 1.065±0.026) with a β,γ-deuterated substrate. Computational analysis of the mechanism provides a similar value (k1H/k1D = 1.05) with a mechanism where -reprotonation of the enolate intermediate is rate determining.We demonstrate herein the capacity of simple carboxylate salts – tetrametylammo-nium and tetramethylguanidinium pivalate – to act as catalysts in the isomerization of β,γ-unsaturated thioesters to α,β-unsaturated thioesters. The carboxylate catalysts gave reaction rates comparable to those obtained with DBU, but with fewer side reactions. The reaction exhibits a normal secondary kinetic isotope effect (k1H/k1D = 1.065±0.026) with a deuterated substrate. Computational analysis of the mechanism provides a similar value (k1H/k1D = 1.05) with a mechanism where γ-reprotonation of the enolate intermediate is rate determining

Remediating Over-Produced and Contaminated Aquifers by Artificial Recharge from Surface Waters

Recharging from open-surface water resources is investigated as a method for remediation of over-produced and contaminated aquifers. The hydraulic and contaminant modeling using the Modflow-2000 and MT3DMS simulation software are resorted for evaluation of the available options. Methodology is developed and illustrated for reviewing the alternative remediation approaches for optimal selection of the best remediation approach to aquifer recharging from surface waters. The effectiveness of the present systematic approach is demonstrated by identifying the best choice among the multifunctional artificial recharge options available for the Great Forest Park in Debrecen, Hungary

Insulin Need in Gestational Diabetes is Associated with a Worse Cardiovascular Risk Profile after Pregnancy

Objective Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treated with insulin are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes after pregnancy compared to mild GDM cases treated with medical nutrition treatment (MNT) alone. We aimed to compare levels of subclinical atherosclerosis markers in women with previous GDM treated with insulin and MNT alone