Enhancing Hate Speech Detection in the Digital Age : A Novel Model Fusion Approach Leveraging a Comprehensive Dataset

The authors extend their appreciation to the Arab Open Uni-versity for funding this work through AOU research fund No.(AOUKSA-524008)Peer reviewe

Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia:a descriptive genomic study

BACKGROUND: Since June, 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has, worldwide, caused 104 infections in people including 49 deaths, with 82 cases and 41 deaths reported from Saudi Arabia. In addition to confirming diagnosis, we generated the MERS-CoV genomic sequences obtained directly from patient samples to provide important information on MERS-CoV transmission, evolution, and origin. METHODS: Full genome deep sequencing was done on nucleic acid extracted directly from PCR-confirmed clinical samples. Viral genomes were obtained from 21 MERS cases of which 13 had 100%, four 85-95%, and four 30-50% genome coverage. Phylogenetic analysis of the 21 sequences, combined with nine published MERS-CoV genomes, was done. FINDINGS: Three distinct MERS-CoV genotypes were identified in Riyadh. Phylogeographic analyses suggest the MERS-CoV zoonotic reservoir is geographically disperse. Selection analysis of the MERS-CoV genomes reveals the expected accumulation of genetic diversity including changes in the S protein. The genetic diversity in the Al-Hasa cluster suggests that the hospital outbreak might have had more than one virus introduction. INTERPRETATION: We present the largest number of MERS-CoV genomes (21) described so far. MERS-CoV full genome sequences provide greater detail in tracking transmission. Multiple introductions of MERS-CoV are identified and suggest lower R0 values. Transmission within Saudi Arabia is consistent with either movement of an animal reservoir, animal products, or movement of infected people. Further definition of the exposures responsible for the sporadic introductions of MERS-CoV into human populations is urgently needed. FUNDING: Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health, Wellcome Trust, European Community, and National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre

Diabesity in the Arabian Gulf: Challenges and Opportunities

Diabesity (diabetes associated with obesity) is a major global and local public health concern, which has almost reached an epidemic order of magnitude in the countries of the Arabian Gulf and worldwide. We sought to review the lifestyle trends in this region and to highlight the challenges and opportunities that health care professionals face and attempt to address and correct them. In this regard, we aimed to review the regional data and widely held expert opinions in the Arabian Gulf and provide a thematic review of the size of the problem of diabesity and its risk factors, challenges, and opportunities. We also wished to delineate the barriers to health promotion, disease prevention, and identify social customs contributing to these challenges. Lastly, we wished to address specific problems with particular relevance to the region such as minimal exercise and unhealthy nutrition, concerns during pregnancy, the subject of childhood obesity, the impact of Ramadan fasting, and the expanding role of bariatric surgery. Finally, general recommendations for prevention, evidence-based, and culturally competent management strategies are presented to be considered at the levels of the individual, community, and policymakers

Enhancing Hate Speech Detection in the Digital Age: A Novel Model Fusion Approach Leveraging a Comprehensive Dataset

In the era of digital communication, social media platforms have experienced exponential growth, becoming primary channels for information exchange. However, this surge has also amplified the rapid spread of hate speech, prompting extensive research efforts for effective mitigation. These efforts have prominently featured advanced natural language processing techniques, particularly emphasizing deep learning methods that have shown promising outcomes. This article presents a novel approach to address this pressing issue, combining a comprehensive dataset of 18 sources. It includes 0.45 million comments sourced from various digital platforms spanning different time frames. There were two models utilized to address the diversity in the data and leverage distinct strengths found within deep learning frameworks: CNN and BiLSTM with an attention mechanism. These models were tailored to handle specific subsets of the data, allowing for a more targeted approach. The unique outputs from both models were then fused into a unified model. This methodology outperformed recent models, showcasing enhanced generalization capabilities even when tested on the largest and most diverse dataset. Our model achieved an impressive accuracy of 89%, while maintaining a high precision of 0.88 and recall of 0.91

Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Saudi Patients Attending Dental Clinics in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Radiographic Retrospective Study

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients and compare between male and female subjects. Method. This cross-sectional study comprised of Saudi patients who attended dental clinics in major hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Patients’ dental records and panoramic radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. Impacted teeth excluding third molars and spaces occupied by primary, permanent, and transmigrated teeth were recorded from panoramic radiographs. The Pearson chi-squared test was performed to determine gender differences regarding impacted teeth and spaces occupied by other teeth. Results. The study included radiographs of 539 patients with a mean age of 23.3 ± 10.8 years. Seventy-one patients (13.2%) had at least one impacted tooth. The total number of impacted teeth was 115 in the sample, out of which 91 (79.1%) were in the upper arch and 24 (20.8%) in the lower arch. Fifty-eight maxillary canines (50.4%) were impacted making them the most commonly impacted teeth, followed by 21 upper second premolars (18.2%) and 14 lower second premolars (12.2%). More females (70.7%) than males (29.3%) had impacted teeth (P=0.82). Of 61 spaces occupied, 35 (57.4%) were occupied by permanent teeth, 24 (39.3%) by primary teeth, and 2 (3.3%) by transmigrated teeth. Greater proportions of spaces were occupied in female than male participants (P>0.05). Conclusion. There was a high prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients. The canines were the most commonly impacted teeth followed by the second premolars. Females demonstrated a higher occurrence of impacted teeth than males. Early detection of impacted teeth can help prevent malocclusion and maintain a healthy dentition

Remedial Groups Between Theory and Practice: A Field Study of Public Schools in Hoffuf City in Saudi Arabia

أجريت هذه الدراسة لكي تقارن بين واقع مجموعات التقوية (م. ت) في مدارس التعليم العام في مدينة الهفوف بالمملكة العربية السعودية، وبين الأسس النظرية النفسية والتربوية للتعليم الترميمي (العلاجي) باعتبار مجموعات التقوية أحد أنماطه. وقد تكونت الدراسة من جانبين، نظري وميداني. تناول الجانب النظري الأسس النفسية والتربوية للتأخر الدراسي في التراث العلمي لهذين الحقلين. وأجاب الجانب الميداني عن ثلاثة أسئلة: (1) هل تتفق أم تختلف وجهات نظر المدرسين (السعوديين وغير السعوديين) مع لائحة وزارة المعارف السعودية المنظمة لبرامج مجموعات التقوية كعلاج للتأخر الدراسي بين طلاب المراحل الدراسية الثلاث (الابتدائية والمتوسطة والثانوية) بمدينة الهفوف بالمملكة العربية السعودية. (2) هل تختلف وجهات نظر المدرسين (السعوديين وغير السعوديين) في المرحلة الابتدائية والمتوسطة والثانوية حول: (أ) مدى حاجة بعض طلاب هذه المراحل للدراسة في برنامج (م. ت)، (ب) أهمية هذه الدراسة لهؤلاء الطلاب، (ج) العقبات التي تعوق برنامج (م. ت) في تحقيقه لأهدافه؟ (3) هل تختلف وجهات نظر المدرسين (السعوديين وغير السعوديين) باختلاف المرحلة الدراسية الابتدائية، أو المتوسطة، أو الثانوية حول: (أ) مدىَ حاجة بعض طلاب هذه المراحل للدراسة في برنامج (م. ت)، (ب) أهمية هده الدراسة لهؤلاء الطلاب، (ج) العقبات التي تعوق برنامج (أ. ت) في تحقيقه لأهدافه؟ واشتقت فرضيتان للِإجابة عن السؤالين الثاني والثالث: (1) لا توجد فروق بين وجهات نظر المدرسين السعوديين وغير السعوديين حول حاجات الطلاب المتأخرين دراسياً للالتحاق ببرنامج (م. ت)، وأهمية هذه البرامج لهؤلاء الطلاب العقبات التي تعوق البرنامج عن تحقيقه لأهدافه. (2) لا توجد فروق بين المدرسين السعوديين وغير السعوديين تعزى إلى الاختلاف في المرحلة الدراسية الابتدائية والمتوسطة والثانوية حول المتغيرات الثلاثة المذكورة في الفرضية السابقة أعلاه. ولاختبار هاتن الفرضيتين صممت استبانة لقياس آراء (340) مدرساً سعودياً وغير سعودي في المراحل الدراسية الثلاث بمدينة الهفوف بالمملكة العربية السعودية، وبواسطة اختبار (ت) وتحليل التباين الثنائي، تم التحقق من الفرضيتان على الترتيب. وقد قبلت الفرضيتان الصفريتان لعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المتوسطات. واستنتج من ذلك موافقة أفراد العينة على أهمية برنامج (م. ت) للطلاب المتأخرين دراسياً، وحاجتهم إليه، ومعاناة البرنامج من صعوبات تعوقه عن تحقيق أهدافه. واختتمت الدراسة بعدة توصيات بغرض تصميم وتطوير برنامج للتعليم الترميمي (العلاجي) في المراحل الثلاث بمدارس مدينة الهفوف بالمملكة العربية السعودية.The objective of this study was to compare reality of remedial groups (G.Rx) in public schools in Hofuf City in Saudi Arabia and the theoretical psychological and educational principles of remedial instruction. The study was two-sided-theoretial and field. Two null hypotheses were generated: (1) There are no significant differences between teacher's views (Saudi and non-Saudi) with regard to: a) the need for students with poor academic performance to enrol in the (R.Cs.) program; b) the importance of these programs for these students; c) the obstacles that hinder the program from achieving its obgectives, (2) there arc no significant differences between Saudi and non-Saudi teachers that can be attributed to the difference in the educational stage (primary, intermediate and secondary. To test these hypotheses, a questionnaire was designed. Three hundreds fourty Saudi and non-Saudi teachers at the three school's levels were randomly assigned. Tptest and analysis of variance were selected to test the two hypotheses respectively. No significant differences were found between means, and the two null hypotheses were accepted. It was concluded that the subjects agreed on: (a) the importance of the (R.Gs.) program for the academically weak students; (b) the need for such students to enrol in such a program; (c) the existence of obstacles that hinder the program for achieving its objectives. Finally the study put porward a number of recommendations with a view to design and develop educational program for remedial instruction at the three school's levels of public education in Hofuf city

Effects of emotional intelligence training program on the levels of alexithymia, academic stress and hope among nursing college students

Background: Emotional intelligence is defined as a social strategy that enables an individual to comprehend his or her own emotions as well as those of others, to distinguish between them, to think about them, and to apply them. Emotional intelligence has long been linked to reduced stress and improved well-being. There has been a significant increase in the study of the relationship between emotional intelligence and job stress, as well as the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental and physical health functioning, since the early 2000s. However, no research has been done to link this characteristic to academic stress and hope. Aim: This study examines the effect of emotional intelligence training program on the levels of alexithymia, academic stress and hope among Nursing College Students. Method and Subject: All students enlisted in Nursing College were chosen and randomly assigned for two gatherings (Experimental and Control Groups). Each group was administered with 1.5-hour emotional intelligence training session per week. Results: The results show considerable variations in the experimental group compared to the control group in relation to the levels of alexithymia, academic stress and hope.&nbsp