Polyethylene terephthalate clamps : optimization in endodontic and restorative practices

There is a growing search for innovations in dental materials and instruments and, therefore, an increase need to optimize the instruments used in the absolute isolation. The gold standard procedure contributes significantly to the quality of restorativ

Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy metabolism of equidae submitted to diets with different energy sources

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de duas fontes energéticas (alto açúcar e alto amido (AA), alta fibra e alto óleo (FO)) na dieta de asininos e equinos, através de ensaios de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, características físico-químicas das fezes e parâmetros sanguíneos, vinculados ao metabolismo energético dos equídeos. Foram utilizados 20 equídeos, dez equinos da raça Quarto de Milha e dez asininos da raça Pêga, distribuídos no delineamento alternado do tipo Cross-Over, com duas fontes energéticas e duas espécies. As dietas experimentais foram compostas de 50% da energia proveniente do Feno Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e 50% proveniente do concentrado, formulados a base amido e açúcar, e fibra e óleo. Foi observado efeito de dieta (p<0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente ácido, capacidade tamponante a pH 5 e pH 6 (maiores valores para dieta Fibra óleo) e sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose (maiores valores para dietas açúcar amido. Observou-se efeito de espécie (p<0,05) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de proteína bruta, sobre a capacidades tamponante à pH 5 e sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose (maiores níveis glicêmicos observados para equinos). Houve efeito de tempo de coleta (p<0,05) sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de acetato. Para as concentrações sanguíneas e fecais de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais, propionato não houve efeito (p>0,05) de dieta ou de espécie. Dietas composta por predominância de volumoso acrescido de concentrado a base de amido e açúcar e fibra e óleo são igualmente aproveitadas pelos equídeos com destaque para a dieta fibra e óleo no aproveitamento de lipídios, sem causar efeito deletério sobre as características físico-químicas, o pH e a capacidade tamponante das fezes. Asininos são mais eficientes no tamponamento de ácidos intestinais. Os asininos apresentam maiores concentrações sanguíneas de AGCC totais e acetato nas fezes, porém não no sangue nas dietas a base de FO. A glicemia e insulinêmica de asininos é menor do que a de equinos. Dietas com açúcar e amido apresentam maiores níveis glicêmicos e insulinêmicos para ambas as espécies. Dietas a base de fibra e óleo se mostraram promissoras para ambas as espécies, em especial para os asininos.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inclusion of two energy sources (high sugar and high starch (AA), high fiber and high oil (FO)) in the diet of asinines and equines, through the trials of apparent digestibility of nutrients, physico-chemical characteristics of feaces and blood parameters, related to equine energy metabolism. Twenty equids, 10 Quarter Horse horses and 10 Pêga breed donkeys were used, distributed in an alternate Cross-Over type design, with two energetic sources and two species. Experimental diets were composed of 50% of the energy from the Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and 50% from the concentrate, based on starch and sugar, and fiber and oil. It was observed effect of diet (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of ether extract and acid detergent fiber, buffer capacity at pH 5 and pH 6 (higher values for fiber and oil diet) and on blood concentrations of glucose (higher values for sugar and starch diet). It was observed effect of specie (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficient of crude protein, on buffering capacities at pH 5 and on blood concentrations of glucose (higher glycemic levels observed for equines). There was effect of the collection time (p<0.05) on the plasmatic concentrations of acetate. For blood and fecal concentrations of short chain fatty acids, there was no effect for propionate (p<0.05) of diet or specie. Diets composed by predominance of forage plus concentrate based on starch and sugar, and fiber and oil are equally used by the equids with emphasis of the fiber and oil diet in the use of lipids, without causing deleterious effect on the physico-chemical characteristics, pH and buffer capacity of feaces. Donkeys are more effective in buffering intestinal acids and also have higher blood concentrations of total SCFA and acetate in faeces, but not in blood in FO-based diets

Blood parameters in horses fed with increasing levels of citrus pulp

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos níveis de inclusão de polpa cítrica sobre parâmetros sanguíneos de equinos, vinculados ao metabolismo energético dos cavalos. Foram utilizados cinco animais, com idade média de 3,5 anos e peso vivo de 460,6±76,86kg, sem raça definida, arraçoados duas vezes ao dia, às 7:00 e às 16:00. As dietas foram formuladas para atender a demanda de animais em mantença, sendo 60% da energia proveniente do volumoso e 40% do concentrado, contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de polpa cítrica (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28%). A coleta de sangue ocorreu nos tempos: antes da alimentação, uma, três, seis, nove horas após a alimentação. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas através de venopunção da jugular utilizando tubos coletores a vácuo para determinação de albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, glicose, insulina e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Foram calculadas a área abaixo da curva e o pico da glicose e insulina, para as quais não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da dieta sobre as concentrações sanguíneas dos parâmetros. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do tempo de coleta sobre as variáveis: ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, colesterol, triglicérides e albumina, porém foi observado efeito (p<0,05) para as concentrações de glicose (y = -0,521x2 + 4,133x + 84,647) e insulina (y = -0,097x2 + 0,795x + 1,616). A polpa citrica é um ingrediente promissor na alimentação de equinos, sem causar alteração nas concentrações sanguineas de glicose, insulina, colesterol, triglicerides e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Dietas com alta inclusão de fibra e participação de ingredientes com fibras de fácil fermentação são benéficas a dietas de equinos pois mantem as curvas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas próximas aos valores basais além de postergar a queda glicêmica pós prandial.The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of citrus pulp on blood parameters of horses tied to energy metabolism of horses. Five animals were used, with an average age of 3,5 years and body weight of 460,6 ± 76,86 kg mongrel, hand fed twice daily at 7:00 and 16:00. Diets were formulated to meet the demand of animals in maintenance, 60% of energy from the forage and 40% concentrate, containing increasing levels of citrus pulp (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%). Blood collection occurred at times: before eating, one, three, six, nine hours after feeding. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture using vacuum collectors for the determination of albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, insulin and short-chain fatty acids tubes. The area under the curve and the peak glucose and insulin, for which no effect (P>0,05) were observed, were calculated. There was no effect (P>0,05) of diet on blood concentrations of parameters. There was no effect (P>0.05 ) and time of collection on the variables: short-chain fatty, cholesterol, triglycerides and albumin acids, but effect ( p<0.05 ) was observed for glucose concentrations (y = - 0.521x2 + 4.133 x 84.647) and insulin (y = -0.097x2 + 0.795 + 1.616 x). The citrus pulp is a promising ingredient in feed for horses without causing changes in blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and short-chain fatty acids. Diets with high fiber inclusion and participation of ingredients with easily fermentable fibers are beneficial because the diets of horses keeps the glucose and insulin curves near the baseline plus delay the postprandial glycemic fall

Estimated live weight of growing Pêga breed donkeys

ABSTRACT: The equations available in the literature to estimate the body weight (BW) of Pêga breed donkeys were evaluated using 25 animals aged 0-6 months and it was proposed an equation for BW prediction. For the measurement of the thoracic perimeter (TP) and for weighing the animals using the weighing tape, the animals were positioned in a forced station on a steep slope. An electronic scale was used for the determination of the BW. Accuracy of linear and nonlinear equations described in the literature was tested for BW prediction based on the animals’ TP, followed by the comparison of these equations with the equation developed in the present study for BW prediction of Pêga breed donkeys. A difference was noted (P<0.001) between the weights obtained on the electronic scale and the weighing tape. Linear and nonlinear equations available in the literature did not present favorable results with the data of the present study. The equation developed for the estimation of donkeys’ BW allowed the development of a weighing tape exclusive for young animals. Further evaluations are required for other Pêga donkey populations to confirm the efficacy of the proposed equation

Effects of diets with increasing levels of citrus pulp on the blood parameters linked to energy metabolism in horses

Currently, the use of alternative energy ingredients for horses has increased because these foods contain "superfibers", making safer diet for these animals. To study the influence of diets containing increasing levels of citrus pulp on albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, insulin and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the blood, five animals were used, with an average age of 3.5 years and a live weight of 460.66±76.86 kg, they were fed twice a day, at 7:00 am and 4:00 pm. The diets were formulated to meet the requirements of the animals at maintenance. 60% of the energy was obtained from forage, and 40% from concentrate, containing the following inclusion levels of citrus pulp (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%). The area under the curve (AUC) and the glucose and insulin peaks were calculated, and no differences were observed between the treatments. There was no effect of diet on the blood concentrations of the evaluated parameters tested, and there was no effect of the time of collection on the following variables: SCFAs, cholesterol, triglycerides and albumin. However, the diet did have quadratic effect on the glucose (Ŷ =-0.5327X²+4.2130X+84.5276) and insulin (Ŷ=-0.1002X² +0.8233X + 1.6336) concentrations. Up to 28% of the concentrate can be composed of citrus pulp in horse diets without causing any alterations on the concentrations of the parameters analyzed in the blood. High-fiber diets with easily fermentable fibers are beneficial because they maintain the glucose and insulin curves close to the baseline levels

Biometric parameters of adult and growing Pêga donkeys

This study aimed at establishing the morphological characteristics and morphometric indexes of Pêga donkeys, utilizing 47 animals, of which 22 were adults and 25 were growing donkeys. Prior to taking their measurements, the animals were restrained and made to stand squarely. The morphological data were measured, and the following morphometric indexes were determined: body index (BI), meloscopic index (MI), dactylothoracic index (DTI), weight in cannon index (WCI), conformation index (CFI), and real live weight (RLW). The experimental design was subdivided into plots and repeated in time, in which the animals represented the plot and the data collection times were the subplots. No sex effect was noted for the morphological measurements and morphometric indexes of growing donkeys. The effect of growth period was observed for all the variables. At birth, donkeys weighed around 14.86% of the weight of dams, and at six months they reached up to 40.37%. For the height taken at the withers, the animals at birth were 67.77% of the height of dams, and at six months they achieved up to 84.45%. Based on the morphometric indexes, it is suggested that adult and growing Pêga donkeys can be classified as being suited for both saddle and draft activities and possess a higher load capacity when compared with horses. A few indexes including BI, MI, and RLW need to be adjusted to be suitably used in rating the donkey