Numerical Control Machine Data Manual

Numerical Control Machine Data Manual provides programmers with specific information for various types and sizes of numerical control machine tools and auxiliary equipment

Manufacturing contamination prevention handbook

Manufacturing management discipline handbook concerning contamination prevention may present principles and guidelines which can be adopted for industrial and commercial manufacturer usage. Contamination prevention program is categorized into three basic aspects: initial prevention; control of amount of unpreventable contamination; and detection and elimination of remaining contamination

Structural load challenges during space shuttle development

The challenges that resulted from the unique configuration of the space shuttle and capabilities developed to meet these challenges are described. The methods and the organization that were developed to perform dynamic loads analyses on the space shuttle configuration and to assess dynamic data developed after design are discussed. Examples are presented from the dynamic loads analysis of the lift-off and maximum dynamic pressure portion of ascent. Also shown are orbital flight test results, for which selected predicted responses are compared to measured data for the lift-off and high-dynamic-pressure times of ascent. These results have generally verified the design analysis. However, subscale testing was found to be deficient in predicting full-scale results in two areas: the ignition overpressure at lift-off and the aerodynamics/plume interactions at high-q boost. In these areas, the results of the flight test program were accommodated with no impact to the vehicle design

Dynamic behavior of stochastic gene expression models in the presence of bursting

This paper considers the behavior of discrete and continuous mathematical models for gene expression in the presence of transcriptional/translational bursting. We treat this problem in generality with respect to the distribution of the burst size as well as the frequency of bursting, and our results are applicable to both inducible and repressible expression patterns in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We have given numerous examples of the applicability of our results, especially in the experimentally observed situation that burst size is geometrically or exponentially distributed.Comment: 22 page

Thermal expansion properties of composite materials

Thermal expansion data for several composite materials, including generic epoxy resins, various graphite, boron, and glass fibers, and unidirectional and woven fabric composites in an epoxy matrix, were compiled. A discussion of the design, material, environmental, and fabrication properties affecting thermal expansion behavior is presented. Test methods and their accuracy are discussed. Analytical approaches to predict laminate coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) based on lamination theory and micromechanics are also included. A discussion is included of methods of tuning a laminate to obtain a near-zero CTE for space applications

Diamond Sheet: A new diamond tool material

Diamond sheet is termed a diamond tool material because it is not a cutting tool, but rather a new material from which a variety of different tools may be fabricated. In appearance and properties, it resembles a sheet of copper alloy with diamond abrasive dispersed throughout it. It is capable of being cut, formed, and joined by conventional methods, and subsequently used for cutting as a metal bonded diamond tool. Diamond sheet is normally made with industrial diamond as the abrasive material. The metal matrix in diamond sheet is a medium hard copper alloy which has performed well in most applications. This alloy has the capability of being made harder or softer if specific cutting conditions require it. Other alloys have also been used including a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy with very free cutting characteristics. The material is suitable for use in a variety of cutting, surfacing, and ring type tools, as well as in such mundane items as files and sandpaper. It can also be used as a bearing surface (diamond to diamond) and in wear resistant surfaces

Effects of Temporary PAR reduction on the seagrass Amphibolis griffithii (Black) den Hartog

Declines in seagrass health and distribution are commonly caused through human induced reductions in the availability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). These reductions can result from a variety of human-induced perturbations, including channel dredging. The impetus for the research was driven by the broad-scale degradation of the ecologically important southern-Australian endemic seagrass Amphibolis griffithii (Black) den Hartog in Champion Bay, Geraldton, Western Australia. The study investigated the affects of reduced PAR on A. griffithii and identified responses that may be useful in developing management triggers to minimise the impact of PAR limitation events. The study was carried out during late summer and winter at Jurien Bay on the Midwest coast of Western Australia. Replicate plots of Amphibolis griffithii meadow were subjected to 90% reduction in PAR availability for 106 days using shade screens suspended over the meadow. A variety of morphological and physiological variables were monitored in control and treatment plots at approximately monthly intervals during this time and after 42 days of recovery. There was a noticeable meadow-scale response in A. griffithii with significant reductions in leaf biomass measurements, such that the number of leaves per stem (-12 leaves per stem) and total leaf biomass (DWm-2) were approximately half that of ambient levels after 106 days of shading. This resulted in a dramatic change in the light attenuation coefficients between shaded (0.59 m-1) and control plots (2.38 m-1) allowing greater penetration of PAR through the canopy, effectively reducing self-shading in the lower canopy. These changes were paralleled by marked physiological responses with increases in chlorophyll and decreases in rhizome sugar concentrations in the shaded plants. Chlorophyll levels responded consistently in the upper canopy with highly significant increases after 106 days of treatment and a return to ambient levels after 42 days of recovery. Rhizome sugars depleted quickly and consistently with treatment, culminating in highly significant differences after 106 days of shading with concentrations at less than one third (-1) when compared with ambient levels. The apparent reduction in canopy self-shading was likely to have aided the considerable recovery of most variables, such as leaf extension which fully recovered after 42 days following shade removal. This research identified a suite of specific responses to reduced PAR in A. griffithii and has assessed their inherent potential for future development of Environmental Quality Criteria (management trigger values) to high intensity, short duration impact events on the mid-west coast of Western Australia, including recommendations for further research. The study has highlighted the species specific nature of seagrass responses to reduced PAR climates; contributions to the broader ecological knowledge were made with specific reference to ecologically and morphologically unique species that do not necessarily conform to known responses in the blade-like species, such as Posidonia. The application of these research outcomes will ultimately help environmental managers minimise the impacts of broad-scale PAR induced degradation events like the dredging program at Champion Bay, Geraldton from re-occurring

Irreversible Thermodynamics in Multiscale Stochastic Dynamical Systems

This work extends the results of the recently developed theory of a rather complete thermodynamic formalism for discrete-state, continuous-time Markov processes with and without detailed balance. We aim at investigating the question that whether and how the thermodynamic structure is invariant in a multiscale stochastic system. That is, whether the relations between thermodynamic functions of state and process variables remain unchanged when the system is viewed at different time scales and resolutions. Our results show that the dynamics on a fast time scale contribute an entropic term to the "internal energy function", $u_S(x)$, for the slow dynamics. Based on the conditional free energy $u_S(x)$, one can then treat the slow dynamics as if the fast dynamics is nonexistent. Furthermore, we show that the free energy, which characterizes the spontaneous organization in a system without detailed balance, is invariant with or without the fast dynamics: The fast dynamics is assumed to reach stationarity instantaneously on the slow time scale; they have no effect on the system's free energy. The same can not be said for the entropy and the internal energy, both of which contain the same contribution from the fast dynamics. We also investigate the consequences of time-scale separation in connection to the concepts of quasi-stationaryty and steady-adiabaticity introduced in the phenomenological steady-state thermodynamics