Improved targeting and appropriate use of trypanocidal drugs for the control of African bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse endemic areas of western and coastal Kenya within the context of primary veterinary care

The thesis examines smallholder livestock owners' perceptions of bovine trypanosomiasis and methods used for controlling it, as well as their veterinary treatment-seeking patterns and access to agricultural and veterinary information in tsetse endemic areas of Busia District, western Kenya and Kwale District, coastal Kenya. The thesis also describes a controlled communication intervention trial in these two study sites that was conducted by disseminating bovine trypanosomiasis information developed in the medium of leaflets and posters. The impact of these extension interventions was assessed in a follow-up household- and primary school-based survey on smallholder farmers' and children's understanding of trypanosomiasis identification and control.The studies described employed qualitative (participatory research appraisal) and quantitative (structured questionnaires) survey methods of data collection.The studies showed that approximately 15% of disease episodes in cattle were perceived by the farmers to be trypanosomiasis; however, the farmers' had difficulties in making diagnoses in that over half of the diagnoses were inconsistent with the clinical signs that they described. Trypanosomiasis knowledge appeared to be associated with location of farmers; respondents in Busia District were significantly more likely to have trypanosomiasis knowledge than those in Kwale District (OR: 6.58, 95% CI: 2.46-17.65).Drugs were generally obtained from agro-veterinary shops, and the farmers themselves administered more than half of these. One third of drug treatments given to sick cattle were trypanocides, but over half of these trypanocidal treatments were given to cattle believed to have diseases other than trypanosomiasis.Analyses of cattle owners' veterinary treatment-seeking patterns showed that sick cattle in Busia District were less likely to be treated than those in Kwale District. There was no significant association between use of trypanocides and any household social characteristics, but an association was observed between use of trypanocides and the biological nature of the disease.Evaluation of the smallholder farmers' information networks revealed that radio, community leaders' meetings and school children were the most reliable sources of agricultural knowledge.With respect to the communication intervention, the majority of the householder recipients of the extension materials rated the trypanosomiasis messages as being useful, and 54% of them indicated that the information on trypanosomiasis contained within the extension materials was new to them. Mean (2.0) trypanosomiasis signs knowledge score obtained by the householders exposed to the extension materials (median: 2, range: 0-6) was higher than that obtained by those not exposed to them (mean: 1.2, median: 1, range: 0-4), Mann-Whitney U = 5175.5, p < 0.001; similarly, farmers' exposure to extension materials resulted in higher trypanocidal drug knowledge scores (mean: 0.6, median: 0, range: 0-3) than non-exposure (mean: 0.2, median: 0, range: 0-3), Mann-Whitney U = 5902.0, p < 0.001. School children's pre-communication intervention trypanosomiasis signs knowledge was much lower (mean: 2.5, median: 3, range: 0-6) than that observed during the postcommunication intervention survey (mean: 5.1, median: 5, range: 0-8), Z = 16.23, p < 0.001. More trypanocides were mentioned by school children during the post-intervention questionnaire survey (mean: 4.6, median: 5, range: 0-6) compared to those known during the pre-intervention survey (mean: 1.0, median: 0, range: 0-6), Z= 17.12, p < 0.001.Improvement of farm-based trypanosomiasis control by poor livestock keepers can be achieved through provision of veterinary extension materials. Dissemination of such information through primary schools was seen to be an effective channel, as it has the advantage of reaching many households; this was observed by the frequency with which school children (33%) were cited by the householders as a source of the extension materials produced. Moreover, illiterate farmers can benefit from the children's explanation of the contents of the extension materials

Women's Participation in the Catholic Church

To ensure effective implementation of the Zambia National Policy on Gender, the 2008 SADC Protocol and African Union Optional Protocol on Gender and the MDG goal 3 which seeks to enhance gender equality by 2015, the Dioceses as secondary duty bearers, should promote an active and visible policy of gender mainstreaming if the Diocesan structures should have 50:50 representation in decision making structures by 2015. This requires that the Catholic Bishops should demonstrate a commitment towards gender equality by taking a key role in monitoring and assessing progress on the advancement of women. The Dioceses as secondary duty bearers should deliberately promote an active and visible policy of gender mainstreamingThe study provides findings on which recommendations are made for enhancing the participation of women in the Diocesan decision making structures so as to promote equitable and democratic governance. Gender roles and how they are perpetuated within the Dioceses is, to a large extent, symptomatic of a deeper problem. The majority of the respondents in the study demonstrated humble background knowledge of gender and its related discourse including mainstreaming. The Diocesan faithful; the religious and clergy are not very familiar with the national and regional and international frameworks on Gender equality and most of them do not adequately use them as reference documents to inform their actions towards gender equality

Interviews conducted in Zambia by Catherine Grant and Noreen Machila (July-October 2013)

Interviews conducted in Zambia by Catherine Grant and Noreen Machila (July-October 2013) for journal article available at PLOS NTD: 'Stakeholder narratives on trypanosomiasis, their effect on policy and the scope for One Health'Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA

PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN PRODUK PENGHIMPUNAN DANA DAN PENYALURAN DANA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN NET INTEREST MARGIN (NIM) PADA BANK-BANK PEMERINTAH DAERAH

Banking sector has important role for economic development as financial intermediary. Bank can compilate funds on demand deposits, saving deposits, time deposits, loan received, and can deploy it on interbank palcement,securities and loans.This study uses secondary data from the publication of quarterly financial reporting, since 2010 – 2012. This study uses purposive sampling method and the sample of this study is BPD. Kalimantan Timur, PT.Bank DKI,PT. BPD Jawa Barat, PT. BPD Jawa Timur, PT.BPD Jawa Tengah and PT.BPD Sumatera Utara.The aim of this study to determine the influence of demand deposits,saving deposits, time deposits, loan received, interbank palcement, securities and loans both simultaneously and individually have significant effect to net interest margin growth on local government banks.The results of this study show that demand deposits, saving deposits, time deposits, loan received, interbank placement, securities and loans growth simultaneously haven’t significant influence to net interest margin growth on local government banks. Demand deposits, saving deposits, time deposits, interbank placement, loan received and loans growth partially have unsignificant negative influence and then securities growth partially have significant positive influence and among seventh independent variables, which has dominant influence is securities growth because it has highest determination coefficient that is 7,95 percent compare with other variables. Key words: Demand deposits, Saving deposits, Time deposits, Loan Received,Interbank Placement, Securities, Credit (Loan)

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Dana Pihak Ketiga dan Aktiva Produktif terhadap Pertumbuhan Net Interest Margin (Nim) pada Bank-bank Pemerintah Daerah

This study attempts to solve the problem dealing with a good profitability of bank which occurs when net interest margin (NIM) on bank rises from year to year. However, this does not occur in the local government banks. Therefore, it is very important to find out what factors are influencing the decrease of NIM in local government banks. The aim of this study to determine the influence of demand deposits, saving deposits, time deposits, loan received, interbank placement, securities and loans both simultaneously and individually have significant effect on the NIM growth in local government banks. It uses multiple regressions for the analysis. It shows that demand deposits, saving deposits, time deposits, loan received, interbank placement, securities and loans growth simultaneously did not significantly affect the NIM growth in local government banks. Demand deposits, saving deposits, time deposits, interbank placement, loan received and loans growth partially did not affect insignificantly and negatively either. The security growth partially has significant and positive effect on the NIM and among seven independent variables; security growth has dominant effect on the NIM

Integrated control of vector-borne diseases of livestock--pyrethroids: panacea or poison?

Tick- and tsetse-borne diseases cost Africa approximately US$4-5 billion per year in livestock production-associated losses. The use of pyrethroid-treated cattle to control ticks and tsetse promises to be an increasingly important tool to counter this loss. However, uncontrolled use of this technology might lead to environmental damage, acaricide resistance in tick populations and a possible exacerbation of tick-borne diseases. Recent research to identify, quantify and to develop strategies to avoid these effects are highlighted

Women's Participation in The Catholic Church

To ensure effective implementation of the Zambia National Policy on Gender, the 2008 SADC Protocol and African Union Optional Protocol on Gender and the MDG goal 3 which seeks to enhance gender equality by 2015, the Dioceses as secondary duty bearers, should promote an active and visible policy of gender mainstreaming if the Diocesan structures should have 50:50 representation in decision making structures by 2015. This requires that the Catholic Bishops should demonstrate a commitment towards gender equality by taking a key role in monitoring and assessing progress on the advancement of women. The Dioceses as secondary duty bearers should deliberately promote an active and visible policy of gender mainstreamingThe study provides findings on which recommendations are made for enhancing the participation of women in the Diocesan decision making structures so as to promote equitable and democratic governance. Gender roles and how they are perpetuated within the Dioceses is, to a large extent, symptomatic of a deeper problem. The majority of the respondents in the study demonstrated humble background knowledge of gender and its related discourse including mainstreaming. The Diocesan faithful; the religious and clergy are not very familiar with the national and regional and international frameworks on Gender equality and most of them do not adequately use them as reference documents to inform their actions towards gender equality

Assessment of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) vulnerability in cattle-owning communities of sub-Saharan Africa

Background: Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the biggest constraints to livestock production and a threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to optimise the allocation of resources for AAT control, decision makers need to target geographic areas where control programmes are most likely to be successful and sustainable and select control methods that will maximise the benefits obtained from resources invested. Methods: The overall approach to classifying cattle-owning communities in terms of AAT vulnerability was based on the selection of key variables collected through field surveys in five sub-Saharan Africa countries followed by a formal Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to identify factors explaining the variations between areas. To categorise the communities in terms of AAT vulnerability profiles, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was performed. Results: Three clusters of community vulnerability profiles were identified based on farmers’ beliefs with respect to trypanosomiasis control within the five countries studied. Cluster 1 communities, mainly identified in Cameroon, reported constant AAT burden, had large trypanosensitive (average herd size = 57) communal grazing cattle herds. Livestock (cattle and small ruminants) were reportedly the primary source of income in the majority of these cattle-owning households (87.0 %). Cluster 2 communities identified mainly in Burkina Faso and Zambia, with some Ethiopian communities had moderate herd sizes (average = 16) and some trypanotolerant breeds (31.7 %) practicing communal grazing. In these communities there were some concerns regarding the development of trypanocide resistance. Crops were the primary income source while communities in this cluster incurred some financial losses due to diminished draft power. The third cluster contained mainly Ugandan and Ethiopian communities which were mixed farmers with smaller herd sizes (average = 8). The costs spent diagnosing and treating AAT were moderate here. Conclusions: Understanding how cattle-owners are affected by AAT and their efforts to manage the disease is critical to the design of suitable locally-adapted control programmes. It is expected that the results could inform priority setting and the development of tailored recommendations for AAT control strategies

Stakeholder narratives on trypanosomiasis, their effect on policy and the scope for One Health

Background This paper explores the framings of trypanosomiasis, a widespread and potentially fatal zoonotic disease transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina species) affecting both humans and livestock. This is a country case study focusing on the political economy of knowledge in Zambia. It is a pertinent time to examine this issue as human population growth and other factors have led to migration into tsetse-inhabited areas with little historical influence from livestock. Disease transmission in new human-wildlife interfaces such as these is a greater risk, and opinions on the best way to manage this are deeply divided. Methods A qualitative case study method was used to examine the narratives on trypanosomiasis in the Zambian policy context through a series of key informant interviews. Interviewees included key actors from international organisations, research organisations and local activists from a variety of perspectives acknowledging the need to explore the relationships between the human, animal and environmental sectors. Principal Findings Diverse framings are held by key actors looking from, variously, the perspectives of wildlife and environmental protection, agricultural development, poverty alleviation, and veterinary and public health. From these viewpoints, four narratives about trypanosomiasis policy were identified, focused around four different beliefs: that trypanosomiasis is protecting the environment, is causing poverty, is not a major problem, and finally, that it is a Zambian rather than international issue to contend with. Within these narratives there are also conflicting views on the best control methods to use and different reasoning behind the pathways of response. These are based on apparently incompatible priorities of people, land, animals, the economy and the environment. The extent to which a One Health approach has been embraced and the potential usefulness of this as a way of reconciling the aims of these framings and narratives is considered throughout the paper. Conclusions/Significance While there has historically been a lack of One Health working in this context, the complex, interacting factors that impact the disease show the need for cross-sector, interdisciplinary decision making to stop rival narratives leading to competing actions. Additional recommendations include implementing: surveillance to assess under-reporting of disease and consequential under-estimation of disease risk; evidence-based decision making; increased and structurally managed funding across countries; and focus on interactions between disease drivers, disease incidence at the community level, and poverty and equity impacts