The Clinical effectiveness of sequential treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion among patients with maxillary retrognathism at Jilin University Stomatological Hospital, China

Aim: To assess the dentofacial changes induced by the sequential treatment in the skeletal class III malocclusion with maxillary retrognathism. Study design: Controlled clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of sequential treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: The treated group consisted of 30 patients in pre or during pubertal growth with anterior crossbite, maxillary crowding and class III molar relationship treated with maxillary protraction therapy; Pendulum appliances to distalize molars followed by fixed appliances. The treated group was compared with a control group of 10 untreated Class III subjects. Cephalometric analysis and Paired sample t test and Independent sample t test were used to evaluate the changes and treatment effects. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: After the sequential treatment, the maxilla moved forward, the mandible rotated clockwise leading to improved maxillomandibular sagittal relationship. The upper incisors moved forward, the anteroposterior relationship improved, and the class III concave profile turned to straight. The cephalometric variables; SNA, MP/SN and U1/SN showed significant changes at p ≤ 0.001, p≤ 0.01 and p≤ 0.01 respectively. Conclusion: The sequential treatment approach is effective for skeletal class III malocclusion with maxillary retrognathism for low and average mandible angle young patients

The use of morbidity questionnaires to identify communities with high prevalences of schistosome or geohelminth infections in Tanzania

Parasitic infections were investigated in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania, between October 1992 and June 1993. A total of 4589 schoolchildren (aged 7-17 years) from 30 primary schools was screened for infection with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms (3456 children only), Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. The children were also asked about their recent experiences of the following: diarrhoea, abdominal pain, blood in stool, perception of suffering from schistosomiasis, and worm infection and examined for spleen and liver enlargement. Among schools, there were correlations between the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and bloody stools, spleen enlargement and liver enlargement, and between S. haematobium infection and the presence of blood in urine. To exclude ecological explanations for the correlations, logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each infection and each sign or symptom. No sign or symptom was significantly associated with any geohelminth infection. Reported blood in stool was significantly associated with S. mansoni infection (OR = 1·62, P = 0·045). Reported blood in urine was significantly associated with S. haematobium infection (OR = 7·71, P < 0·001), as was reported blood in stool (OR = 11·52, P < 0·001), indicating that presence of blood in either form of excreta was related to the local term for schistosomiasis. These results support the possibility of using reported blood in stool as a means of rapid assessment for identifying communities with a high prevalence of S. mansoni infectio

Previous toothache, dental visits and caries presence among primary school children in Dar es Salaam

Background: Dental pain is an ache or soreness within or around a tooth. It has a wide range of etiology, the commonest being dental caries. Dental pain is one of the main reasons for seeking dental care.Objectives: To assess the relationship between experiences of toothache, dental visits and caries experience among primary school children in Dar es Salaam. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among children attending standard one, two and three at Olympio primary school. Each of these classes had three streams, one stream was randomly picked and all children from selected classes who were present on the examination day were recruited. Structured questionnaires were used to interview children and clinical forms to record findings of clinical examinations which were done under natural daylight. Pain was recorded as ever had toothache or not. Those who reported history of toothache were asked whether they had ever been to a dentist due to toothache. Caries was scored according to WHO criteria, then children were categorized into caries free and having at least one DMFT. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.0. Frequency tables were generated and Cross tabulations done. Chi- square test was employed to test statistical differences. P-value of &gt;0.05 was set as a level of significance. Results: A total of 203 pupils were examined, 57.1% of them being girls. One hundred and twenty (59.1%) children reported toothache experience. Majority were females (55.0%). Among the 120 who reported pain, only 76 (63.33%) had consulted a dentist for toothache. Most (70.94%) of the pupils were found with dental caries which was more prevalent (79.2%) among the children who reported pain experience, than those who did not (59%). The difference was statistically significant. There was no difference in caries presentation between the group which had seen a dentist (78.9%) and those with no history of consulting a dentist (79.5%) for toothache. Conclusion: A large proportion of children (59%) reported history of dental pain. Out of those who have had pain 63.3% had consulted a dental professional and of those who had consulted a dentist for dental pain, a significant proportion (79.2%) was found with caries.Running title: Toothache, dental visits and caries experienc

Improvement of solar salt works performance

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Outlook for survivors of childhood in sub-Saharan Africa: adult mortality in Tanzania. Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project.

OBJECTIVE--To measure age and sex specific mortality in adults (15-59 years) in one urban and two rural areas of Tanzania. DESIGN--Reporting of all deaths occurring between 1 June 1992 and 31 May 1995. SETTING--Eight branches in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania's largest city), 59 villages in Morogoro rural district (a poor rural area), and 47 villages in Hai district (a more prosperous rural area). SUBJECTS--40,304 adults in Dar es Salaam, 69,964 in Hai, 50,465 in Morogoro rural. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mortality and probability of death between 15 and 59 years of age (45Q15). RESULTS--During the three year observation period a total of 4929 deaths were recorded in adults aged 15-59 years in all areas. Crude mortalities ranged from 6.1/1000/year for women in Hai to 15.9/1000/year for men in Morogoro rural. Age specific mortalities were up to 43 times higher than rates in England and Wales. Rates were higher in men at all ages in the two rural areas except in the age group 25 to 29 years in Hai and 20 to 34 years in Morogoro rural. In Dar es Salaam rates in men were higher only in the 40 to 59 year age group. The probability of death before age 60 of a 15 year old man (45Q15) was 47% in Dar es Salaam, 37% in Hai, and 58% in Morogoro; for women these figures were 45%, 26%, and 48%, respectively. (The average 45Q15s for men and women in established market economies are 15% and 7%, respectively.) CONCLUSION--Survivors of childhood in Tanzania continue to show high rates of mortality throughout adult life. As the health of adults is essential for the wellbeing of young and old there is an urgent need to develop policies that deal with the causes of adult mortality