Management de l’opportunisme dans les réseaux des organisations de l’ESS

Les organisations devront faire face aujourd’hui à un dilemme organisationnel préoccupant. D’une part, elles sont obligées de s’intégrer dans les réseaux inter organisationnels pour bénéficier de différents avantages, sans pour autant être victime des comportements opportunistes des autres acteurs. La problématique de notre recherche consiste à comprendre comment les organisations de l’ESS gèrent le phénomène de l’opportunisme dans les réseaux. L’objectif étant de délimiter d’abord le concept d’opportunisme pour distinguer le comportement légitime de ce qui ne l’est pas, puis l’identification des stratégies adoptées pour la gestion de l’opportunisme. Pour ce faire, une enquête qualitative a été effectuée sur 9 structures de l’ESS appartenant à différentes formes de réseaux au Maroc. Les résultats montrent que l’opportunisme peut être considéré comme une opportunité et non plus une contraint

Improving healthcare value: integrating medical practitioners into hospital design in developing countries

The cost of healthcare is a burden in most developing countries, and this is exponentially increasing in the context of population growth, pandemics, and rapidly evolving medical necessities. A customized healthcare typology should rely on data collection and architectural requirements, before moving to aesthetically compelling designs, so hospitals in low-resource or developing countries will not mimic their Western counterparts. The greatest bearing that improves the patient’s outcome and well-being would engage a productive interaction between the hospital designers and the medical practitioners, this will also allow for evidence-based hospital planning. As the author of this short report, I use the best of my experience as a physician and healthcare planner to translate a successful interaction with multinational designers building hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria

Transient TNF regulates the self-renewing capacity of stem-like label-retaining cells in sphere and skin equivalent models of melanoma.

International audience: BackgroundIt is well established that inflammation promotes cancer, including melanoma, although the exact mechanisms involved are less known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inflammatory factors affect the cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment responsible for tumor development and relapse.ResultsUsing an inducible histone 2B-GFP fusion protein as a tracer of cell divisional history, we determined that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine, enlarged the CSC pool of GFP-positive label-retaining cells (LRCs) in tumor-like melanospheres. Although these cells acquired melanoma stem cell markers, including ABCB5 and CD271, and self-renewal ability, they lost their capacity to differentiate, as evidenced by the diminished MelanA expression in melanosphere cells and the loss of pigmentation in a skin equivalent model of human melanoma. The undifferentiated cell phenotype could be reversed by LY294002, which is an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and this reversal was accompanied by a significant reduction in CSC phenotypic markers and functional properties. Importantly, the changes induced by a transient exposure to TNF were long-lasting and observed for many generations after TNF withdrawal.ConclusionsWe conclude that pro-inflammatory TNF targets the quiescent/slow-cycling melanoma SC compartment and promotes PI3K/AKT-driven expansion of melanoma SCs most likely by preventing their asymmetrical self-renewal. This TNF effect is maintained and transferred to descendants of LRC CSCs and is manifested in the absence of TNF, suggesting that a transient exposure to inflammatory factors imprints long-lasting molecular and/or cellular changes with functional consequences long after inflammatory signal suppression. Clinically, these results may translate into an inflammation-triggered accumulation of quiescent/slow-cycling CSCs and a post-inflammatory onset of an aggressive tumor

Notch4 activation aggravates NF-κB-mediated inflammation in HIV-1-associated nephropathy

A grant from the One-University Open Access Fund at the University of Kansas was used to defray the author's publication fees in this Open Access journal. The Open Access Fund, administered by librarians from the KU, KU Law, and KUMC libraries, is made possible by contributions from the offices of KU Provost, KU Vice Chancellor for Research & Graduate Studies, and KUMC Vice Chancellor for Research. For more information about the Open Access Fund, please see http://library.kumc.edu/authors-fund.xml.Notch pathway activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many glomerular diseases. We have previously shown that Notch4 expression was upregulated in various renal cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) patients and rodent models of HIVAN. In this study, we examined whether the Notch pathway can be distinctly activated by HIV-1 gene products and whether Notch4, in particular, can influence disease progression. Using luciferase reporter assays, we did not observe activation of the NOTCH4 promoter with the HIV protein Nef in podocytes. Further, we observed upregulated expression of a gamma secretase complex protein, presenilin 1, but not Notch4, in podocytes infected with an HIV-1 expression construct. To assess the effects of Notch4 on HIVAN disease progression, we engineered Tg26 mice with global deletion of the Notch4 intracellular domain (Notch4dl), which is required for signaling function. These mice (Notch4d1/Tg26+) showed a significant improvement in renal function and a significant decrease in mortality compared to Tg26 mice. Histological examination of kidneys showed that Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice had overall glomerular, tubulointerstitial injury and a marked decrease in interstitial inflammation. A significant decrease in the proliferating cells was observed in the tubulointerstitial compartments of Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice. Consistent with the diminished inflammation, kidneys from Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice also showed a significant decrease in expression of the inflammatory cytokine transcripts Il-6 and Ccl2, as well as the master inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB (Nfkb1 transcripts and p65 protein). These data identify Notch4 as an important mediator of tubulointerstitial injury and inflammation in HIVAN and a potential therapeutic target.National Institutes of Health (R01DK108433 awarded to M.S.

Lire dans le parcours d\u27une création (à partir de la surate XCVI du Coran) / ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ (ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻖ

[The article offers a new reading of the Qur\u27an by examining the linguistic structure of the sacred text, starting with the multiple and varied lexical occurrence of reading in the Qur\u27an. The article moves from the notion of reading as it figures in the first revealed sura-which opens with the imperative form of the verb: Read -to the notion of reading inherent in the very term of Qur\u27an. The article explores reading in the Qur\u27an in terms of its first reader/receiver, Prophet Muhammad, as well as in terms of potential readers. There are sixteen instances of the verb read in the Qur\u27an in different tenses. These verbs are analyzed in their textual context as well as in their relations and the web of meaning they produce. Finally, the article looks into the Qur\u27anic meaning of reading and writing and what makes the Qur\u27an a text for all times and all readers. /يسعى هذا البحث إلى قراءة النص ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻲ برؤية جديدة في محاولة لرؤية النص عن قرب من خلال تركيباته، ﻭﺃﻟﻔﺎﻇﻪ٬ ومعجمه٠ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ هذا البحث في التدقيق في كلمة ((ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ)) عند ظهورها لأول مرة في الوحي ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻲ (سورة ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻖ) من خلال فعل الأمر ((اقرأ))٠ فهذا الكتاب (أي ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ) يرتكز في بدايته وفي ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻪ على فعل القراءة٠ ثم تتم دراسة هذه القراءة من حيث علاقتها ﺑﻘﺎﺭﺋﻬﺎ الأول (أي محمد عليه السلام) وبمتلقيها على المدى ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ (أي كل قارئ محتمل)٠ ويحاول البحث ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ جميع أفعال القراءة من النص ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻲ وﻫﻲ ١٦ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ما بين مضارع، وماض، وأمر٠ وتتم دراسة هذه الأفعال في مواضعها في سور ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ثم دراسة العلاقات البينية لهذه الأفعال وما ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ من تراكيب ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻥﹴ٠ وأخيراﹰ تتم مواجهة فعلي القراءة والكتابة في النص القرآني من الناحية اللغوية ومن حيث إفراز معانﹴ معينة وخاصة بهذا الكتاب الذي يؤسس لغة ويستخدمها لمخاطبة ﻗﺎﺭﺋﻪ، كما أنه يبني له مكانة محددة في طياته فيكون ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺎﹰ لجميع العصور وجميع القراء٠

Cytosquelette et motilite chez les Gregarines

INIST T 70979 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc

L\u27amitié pour Montaigne : L\u27ami – le livre / الصداقة عند مونتانيّ: الصديق، الكتاب

[The writings of Montaigne on friendship are among the most poetic and stimulating in world literature. This article presents a close reading of the chapter On Friendship in Essays. In this chapter, the author delineates his valuable relationship with his life-long friend La Boétie. He demonstrates how true friendship is a rare bond that brings together two individuals with different traits and aspirations. Montaigne does not only centralize friendship as a theme but also the chapter itself in which he writes about it is situated it in the middle of the first volume of Essays, functioning as a nucleus of sorts for his entire project in the book. تعد كتابات الكاتب الفرنسي مونتانيّ عن الصداقة من أروع ما كتب في الأدب العالمي من حيث شاعرية النص ودلالاته. تقدم هذه المقالة قراءة متعمقة ﻟﻔﺼﻞ بعنوان ((عن الصداقة)) من كتاب مونتانيّ بعنوان المقالات. في هذا الفصل يتحدث الكاتب عن العلاقة المتميزة التي جمعته ﺑﺼﺪﻳﻖ عمره ﻻﺑﻮﻳﺘﻲﹼ إذ يعتبرﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ الحقيقية علاقة شبه نادرة في عالمنا هذا تجمع بين ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ متفردين من حيث الصفات والتطلعات. ولا يكتفي مونتانيّ بالتحدث عن الصداقة ولكنه يجعل الحديث في مكان مركزي في نصه، فيصبح هذا الفصل نواة مشروع الكتاب ككل، ويحتل مكانة متميزة ذات دلالة وسط الجزء الأول .