34 research outputs found
Les compĂ©tences langagiĂšres de l'enfant sourd : Ă©laboration dâune grille de cotation des actes de langage, annexe Ă la batterie EVALO 2-6
We propose through this work to highlight certain developmental specificities of deaf children, particularly in the lexical, morphosyntactic and pragmatic skills. From the results obtained in the tasks of lexicon, morphosyntax and pragmatics of EVALO 2-6, we try to offer the developmental profile of each of our subjects. In order to highlight the actual skills of deaf children, we will develop a rating scale of speech acts in production, annex to the battery, and allow us to complete the assessment from a more qualitative analysis of responses of each child.Chez lâenfant sourd, les compĂ©tences linguistiques en langue vocale Ă©tant trop souvent sous-Ă©valuĂ©es, nous proposons Ă travers ce mĂ©moire de mettre en lumiĂšre certaines spĂ©cificitĂ©s dĂ©veloppementales propres Ă cette population, et plus particuliĂšrement au niveau des compĂ©tences lexicales, morphosyntaxiques et pragmatiques. Ă partir des rĂ©sultats obtenus aux Ă©preuves des domaines Lexique, Morphosyntaxe et Pragmatique de labatterie EVALO 2-6, nous tenterons de proposer le profil dĂ©veloppemental de chacun de nos sujets. Afin de mettre en Ă©vidence les compĂ©tences effectives de lâenfant sourd, nous Ă©laborerons une grille de cotation des actes de langage en production, annexe Ă la batterie, et qui nous permettra de complĂ©ter lâĂ©valuation Ă partir dâune analyse plus qualitative des rĂ©ponses donnĂ©es par chaque enfant
Production de parole chez l'enfant sourd : bénéfices de l'exposition à la Langue française Parlée Complétée associée à l'implantation cochléaire
Although cochlear implant (CI) improves speech perception in children with hearing impairment, the perception of some acoustic features may be impaired and oral language development impacted, with limited phonological skills. In order to supplement missing phonological information, the manual gestures of French Cued Speech or Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) can be used simultaneously with speech. Several studies have shown the benefits of exposure to cued speech on speech perception and phonological development of the child with hearing impairment. However, few studies have examined the link between cochlear implantation and cued speech. This thesis proposes to investigate the long-term benefits of exposure to Cued French (CF) for the phonological development of children with cochlear implants. Our general hypothesis is that exposure to CF improves speech perception, which promotes the development of phonological representations in children with CI. We hypothesize that the phonological skills developed in perception, through exposure to CF, transfer to speech production, which would improve phoneme production. This improvement was demonstrated using acoustic data (picture naming task) and then characterized using articulatory data.First, the speech production of fourteen children with cochlear implants and 71 children with normal hearing, aged 60-140 months, was analyzed using the EULALIES picture naming task, which is designed to test the accuracy of spontaneous (non-imitative) phoneme production in an isolated word context. Analysis of these data by expert phoneticians allowed us to show a significant improvement in the speech production abilities of eight children with cochlear implants when they developed a high level of CF reading skills, compared to six children who had little or no CF reading skills. Like many studies, our results indicate that early implantation facilitates the development of phonological skills, but that the production of some phonetic features, such as voicing and nasality contrasts and mode and place of articulation, remain impaired even in children with early implantation. On the other hand, our analyses show that a high level of CF reading skills reduces the number of errors on these phonetic features: our data highlight that adequate exposure to CF seems to improve the production of voicing, nasality contrast and mode and place of articulation.In a second step, the acoustic productions and articulatory gestures, collected by lingual ultrasound, of nine children with cochlear implants exposed to CF and ten children, aged 51-137 months, were studied. The results suggest that exposure to CF enables children with cochlear implants to produce articulatory language gestures in the same way as their normal hearing peers, especially when they have developed high CF reading skills. Our data also demonstrate that a high level of CF reading skills promotes place of articulation distinction in plosives and fricatives in children with CI.As several research teams have argued, exposure to CF is functionally beneficial during communication as it provides visual access to all French phonemes. Furthermore, the results of these two studies highlight its longer-term effects on speech production, probably explained by the fact that better perceptual access provides better phonological representations.This thesis also provides two sets of baseline data on the speech production of typically developing children and children with cochlear implants: a phonetic data set and an acoustic and articulatory data set. These data can inform clinical practice by providing guidance for speech and language therapy interventions to facilitate the care of children with cochlear implants, but also to support daily interactions at home by confirming the crucial role of visual cues for optimal development of speech production and processing.Bien que l'implant cochlĂ©aire (CI) amĂ©liore la perception de parole chez les enfants sourds, la perception de certains traits acoustiques peut ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e, le dĂ©veloppement du langage oral impactĂ© et les compĂ©tences phonologiques limitĂ©es. Les gestes manuels de la Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) peuvent alors complĂ©ter les informations phonologiques manquantes. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© les apports de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur la perception de parole et le dĂ©veloppement phonologique en langue vocale. Toutefois, peu dâĂ©tudes ont explorĂ© le lien entre CI et LfPC. Cette thĂšse examine les bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă long terme de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur le dĂ©veloppement phonologique des enfants avec CI. Notre hypothĂšse est que lâexposition Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la perception de parole, ce qui favorise le dĂ©veloppement des reprĂ©sentations phonologiques chez lâenfant avec CI. Nous supposons que les compĂ©tences phonologiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es en perception, par le biais de lâexposition Ă la LfPC, se transfĂšrent Ă la production de parole, ce qui amĂ©liorerait la production de phonĂšmes. Pour caractĂ©riser cette amĂ©lioration, des donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies.Dans un premier temps, la production de parole de 14 enfants avec CI et de 71 enfants normo-entendants, de 60 Ă 140 mois, a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e Ă l'aide de la tĂąche de dĂ©nomination d'images de la batterie EULALIES, conçue pour tester la prĂ©cision de la production spontanĂ©e de phonĂšmes dans un contexte de mots isolĂ©s. Lâanalyse de ces donnĂ©es a montrĂ© une production de phonĂšmes plus prĂ©cise chez les enfants avec CI lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© un niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC, par rapport aux enfants dont les compĂ©tences de dĂ©codage sont plus limitĂ©es. Comme Ă©tabli, nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que l'implantation prĂ©coce facilite le dĂ©veloppement phonologique mais que la production de certains traits acoustiques, tels que le voisement, la nasalitĂ©, le mode ou le lieu d'articulation, restent dĂ©gradĂ©s mĂȘme lors dâune implantation prĂ©coce. Nos analyses rĂ©vĂšlent aussi quâun dĂ©codage Ă©levĂ© de la LfPC rĂ©duit le nombre d'erreurs sur ces traits : nos donnĂ©es suggĂšrent qu'une exposition adĂ©quate Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la production du voisement, du contraste de nasalitĂ© ainsi que du mode et du lieu dâarticulation.Dans un second temps, les productions acoustiques et les gestes articulatoires, recueillis par Ă©chographie linguale, de neuf enfants avec CI et exposĂ©s Ă la LfPC et de dix enfants normo-entendants, entre 51 et 137 mois, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que lâexposition Ă la LfPC permet aux enfants avec CI de produire les gestes articulatoires linguaux de la mĂȘme façon que leurs pairs normo-entendants, en particulier lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© des compĂ©tences Ă©levĂ©es de dĂ©codage. Les donnĂ©es montrent Ă©galement quâun niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC favorise la distinction de lieu dâarticulation des plosives et des fricatives chez lâenfant avec CI.Comme soutenu par plusieurs Ă©quipes de recherche, lâexposition Ă la LfPC est fonctionnellement bĂ©nĂ©fique pour la perception de parole puisquâelle fournit un accĂšs visuel Ă tous les phonĂšmes du français. Les rĂ©sultats de nos deux Ă©tudes mettent en avant ses effets Ă plus long terme sur la production de parole, probablement expliquĂ©s par le fait qu'un meilleur accĂšs perceptif fournit de meilleures reprĂ©sentations phonologiques.Enfin, ce travail de thĂšse fournit deux corpus de donnĂ©es de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur la production de parole dâenfants au dĂ©veloppement typique et dâenfants avec CI : un ensemble de donnĂ©es phonĂ©tiques et un ensemble de donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires. Ces donnĂ©es peuvent informer la pratique clinique en fournissant des pistes dâintervention orthophonique pour faciliter la prise en charge de lâenfant avec CI mais Ă©galement favoriser les interactions quotidiennes Ă domicile en confirmant le rĂŽle crucial des repĂšres visuels pour un dĂ©veloppement optimal de la production et du traitement de la parole
Speech production in deaf children : benefits of exposure to French Cued Speech in combination with cochlear implantation
Bien que l'implant cochlĂ©aire (CI) amĂ©liore la perception de parole chez les enfants sourds, la perception de certains traits acoustiques peut ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e, le dĂ©veloppement du langage oral impactĂ© et les compĂ©tences phonologiques limitĂ©es. Les gestes manuels de la Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) peuvent alors complĂ©ter les informations phonologiques manquantes. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© les apports de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur la perception de parole et le dĂ©veloppement phonologique en langue vocale. Toutefois, peu dâĂ©tudes ont explorĂ© le lien entre CI et LfPC. Cette thĂšse examine les bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă long terme de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur le dĂ©veloppement phonologique des enfants avec CI. Notre hypothĂšse est que lâexposition Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la perception de parole, ce qui favorise le dĂ©veloppement des reprĂ©sentations phonologiques chez lâenfant avec CI. Nous supposons que les compĂ©tences phonologiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es en perception, par le biais de lâexposition Ă la LfPC, se transfĂšrent Ă la production de parole, ce qui amĂ©liorerait la production de phonĂšmes. Pour caractĂ©riser cette amĂ©lioration, des donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies.Dans un premier temps, la production de parole de 14 enfants avec CI et de 71 enfants normo-entendants, de 60 Ă 140 mois, a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e Ă l'aide de la tĂąche de dĂ©nomination d'images de la batterie EULALIES, conçue pour tester la prĂ©cision de la production spontanĂ©e de phonĂšmes dans un contexte de mots isolĂ©s. Lâanalyse de ces donnĂ©es a montrĂ© une production de phonĂšmes plus prĂ©cise chez les enfants avec CI lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© un niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC, par rapport aux enfants dont les compĂ©tences de dĂ©codage sont plus limitĂ©es. Comme Ă©tabli, nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que l'implantation prĂ©coce facilite le dĂ©veloppement phonologique mais que la production de certains traits acoustiques, tels que le voisement, la nasalitĂ©, le mode ou le lieu d'articulation, restent dĂ©gradĂ©s mĂȘme lors dâune implantation prĂ©coce. Nos analyses rĂ©vĂšlent aussi quâun dĂ©codage Ă©levĂ© de la LfPC rĂ©duit le nombre d'erreurs sur ces traits : nos donnĂ©es suggĂšrent qu'une exposition adĂ©quate Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la production du voisement, du contraste de nasalitĂ© ainsi que du mode et du lieu dâarticulation.Dans un second temps, les productions acoustiques et les gestes articulatoires, recueillis par Ă©chographie linguale, de neuf enfants avec CI et exposĂ©s Ă la LfPC et de dix enfants normo-entendants, entre 51 et 137 mois, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que lâexposition Ă la LfPC permet aux enfants avec CI de produire les gestes articulatoires linguaux de la mĂȘme façon que leurs pairs normo-entendants, en particulier lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© des compĂ©tences Ă©levĂ©es de dĂ©codage. Les donnĂ©es montrent Ă©galement quâun niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC favorise la distinction de lieu dâarticulation des plosives et des fricatives chez lâenfant avec CI.Comme soutenu par plusieurs Ă©quipes de recherche, lâexposition Ă la LfPC est fonctionnellement bĂ©nĂ©fique pour la perception de parole puisquâelle fournit un accĂšs visuel Ă tous les phonĂšmes du français. Les rĂ©sultats de nos deux Ă©tudes mettent en avant ses effets Ă plus long terme sur la production de parole, probablement expliquĂ©s par le fait qu'un meilleur accĂšs perceptif fournit de meilleures reprĂ©sentations phonologiques.Enfin, ce travail de thĂšse fournit deux corpus de donnĂ©es de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur la production de parole dâenfants au dĂ©veloppement typique et dâenfants avec CI : un ensemble de donnĂ©es phonĂ©tiques et un ensemble de donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires. Ces donnĂ©es peuvent informer la pratique clinique en fournissant des pistes dâintervention orthophonique pour faciliter la prise en charge de lâenfant avec CI mais Ă©galement favoriser les interactions quotidiennes Ă domicile en confirmant le rĂŽle crucial des repĂšres visuels pour un dĂ©veloppement optimal de la production et du traitement de la parole.Although cochlear implant (CI) improves speech perception in children with hearing impairment, the perception of some acoustic features may be impaired and oral language development impacted, with limited phonological skills. In order to supplement missing phonological information, the manual gestures of French Cued Speech or Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) can be used simultaneously with speech. Several studies have shown the benefits of exposure to cued speech on speech perception and phonological development of the child with hearing impairment. However, few studies have examined the link between cochlear implantation and cued speech. This thesis proposes to investigate the long-term benefits of exposure to Cued French (CF) for the phonological development of children with cochlear implants. Our general hypothesis is that exposure to CF improves speech perception, which promotes the development of phonological representations in children with CI. We hypothesize that the phonological skills developed in perception, through exposure to CF, transfer to speech production, which would improve phoneme production. This improvement was demonstrated using acoustic data (picture naming task) and then characterized using articulatory data.First, the speech production of fourteen children with cochlear implants and 71 children with normal hearing, aged 60-140 months, was analyzed using the EULALIES picture naming task, which is designed to test the accuracy of spontaneous (non-imitative) phoneme production in an isolated word context. Analysis of these data by expert phoneticians allowed us to show a significant improvement in the speech production abilities of eight children with cochlear implants when they developed a high level of CF reading skills, compared to six children who had little or no CF reading skills. Like many studies, our results indicate that early implantation facilitates the development of phonological skills, but that the production of some phonetic features, such as voicing and nasality contrasts and mode and place of articulation, remain impaired even in children with early implantation. On the other hand, our analyses show that a high level of CF reading skills reduces the number of errors on these phonetic features: our data highlight that adequate exposure to CF seems to improve the production of voicing, nasality contrast and mode and place of articulation.In a second step, the acoustic productions and articulatory gestures, collected by lingual ultrasound, of nine children with cochlear implants exposed to CF and ten children, aged 51-137 months, were studied. The results suggest that exposure to CF enables children with cochlear implants to produce articulatory language gestures in the same way as their normal hearing peers, especially when they have developed high CF reading skills. Our data also demonstrate that a high level of CF reading skills promotes place of articulation distinction in plosives and fricatives in children with CI.As several research teams have argued, exposure to CF is functionally beneficial during communication as it provides visual access to all French phonemes. Furthermore, the results of these two studies highlight its longer-term effects on speech production, probably explained by the fact that better perceptual access provides better phonological representations.This thesis also provides two sets of baseline data on the speech production of typically developing children and children with cochlear implants: a phonetic data set and an acoustic and articulatory data set. These data can inform clinical practice by providing guidance for speech and language therapy interventions to facilitate the care of children with cochlear implants, but also to support daily interactions at home by confirming the crucial role of visual cues for optimal development of speech production and processing
Production de parole chez l'enfant sourd : bénéfices de l'exposition à la Langue française Parlée Complétée associée à l'implantation cochléaire
Although cochlear implant (CI) improves speech perception in children with hearing impairment, the perception of some acoustic features may be impaired and oral language development impacted, with limited phonological skills. In order to supplement missing phonological information, the manual gestures of French Cued Speech or Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) can be used simultaneously with speech. Several studies have shown the benefits of exposure to cued speech on speech perception and phonological development of the child with hearing impairment. However, few studies have examined the link between cochlear implantation and cued speech. This thesis proposes to investigate the long-term benefits of exposure to Cued French (CF) for the phonological development of children with cochlear implants. Our general hypothesis is that exposure to CF improves speech perception, which promotes the development of phonological representations in children with CI. We hypothesize that the phonological skills developed in perception, through exposure to CF, transfer to speech production, which would improve phoneme production. This improvement was demonstrated using acoustic data (picture naming task) and then characterized using articulatory data.First, the speech production of fourteen children with cochlear implants and 71 children with normal hearing, aged 60-140 months, was analyzed using the EULALIES picture naming task, which is designed to test the accuracy of spontaneous (non-imitative) phoneme production in an isolated word context. Analysis of these data by expert phoneticians allowed us to show a significant improvement in the speech production abilities of eight children with cochlear implants when they developed a high level of CF reading skills, compared to six children who had little or no CF reading skills. Like many studies, our results indicate that early implantation facilitates the development of phonological skills, but that the production of some phonetic features, such as voicing and nasality contrasts and mode and place of articulation, remain impaired even in children with early implantation. On the other hand, our analyses show that a high level of CF reading skills reduces the number of errors on these phonetic features: our data highlight that adequate exposure to CF seems to improve the production of voicing, nasality contrast and mode and place of articulation.In a second step, the acoustic productions and articulatory gestures, collected by lingual ultrasound, of nine children with cochlear implants exposed to CF and ten children, aged 51-137 months, were studied. The results suggest that exposure to CF enables children with cochlear implants to produce articulatory language gestures in the same way as their normal hearing peers, especially when they have developed high CF reading skills. Our data also demonstrate that a high level of CF reading skills promotes place of articulation distinction in plosives and fricatives in children with CI.As several research teams have argued, exposure to CF is functionally beneficial during communication as it provides visual access to all French phonemes. Furthermore, the results of these two studies highlight its longer-term effects on speech production, probably explained by the fact that better perceptual access provides better phonological representations.This thesis also provides two sets of baseline data on the speech production of typically developing children and children with cochlear implants: a phonetic data set and an acoustic and articulatory data set. These data can inform clinical practice by providing guidance for speech and language therapy interventions to facilitate the care of children with cochlear implants, but also to support daily interactions at home by confirming the crucial role of visual cues for optimal development of speech production and processing.Bien que l'implant cochlĂ©aire (CI) amĂ©liore la perception de parole chez les enfants sourds, la perception de certains traits acoustiques peut ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e, le dĂ©veloppement du langage oral impactĂ© et les compĂ©tences phonologiques limitĂ©es. Les gestes manuels de la Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) peuvent alors complĂ©ter les informations phonologiques manquantes. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© les apports de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur la perception de parole et le dĂ©veloppement phonologique en langue vocale. Toutefois, peu dâĂ©tudes ont explorĂ© le lien entre CI et LfPC. Cette thĂšse examine les bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă long terme de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur le dĂ©veloppement phonologique des enfants avec CI. Notre hypothĂšse est que lâexposition Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la perception de parole, ce qui favorise le dĂ©veloppement des reprĂ©sentations phonologiques chez lâenfant avec CI. Nous supposons que les compĂ©tences phonologiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es en perception, par le biais de lâexposition Ă la LfPC, se transfĂšrent Ă la production de parole, ce qui amĂ©liorerait la production de phonĂšmes. Pour caractĂ©riser cette amĂ©lioration, des donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies.Dans un premier temps, la production de parole de 14 enfants avec CI et de 71 enfants normo-entendants, de 60 Ă 140 mois, a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e Ă l'aide de la tĂąche de dĂ©nomination d'images de la batterie EULALIES, conçue pour tester la prĂ©cision de la production spontanĂ©e de phonĂšmes dans un contexte de mots isolĂ©s. Lâanalyse de ces donnĂ©es a montrĂ© une production de phonĂšmes plus prĂ©cise chez les enfants avec CI lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© un niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC, par rapport aux enfants dont les compĂ©tences de dĂ©codage sont plus limitĂ©es. Comme Ă©tabli, nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que l'implantation prĂ©coce facilite le dĂ©veloppement phonologique mais que la production de certains traits acoustiques, tels que le voisement, la nasalitĂ©, le mode ou le lieu d'articulation, restent dĂ©gradĂ©s mĂȘme lors dâune implantation prĂ©coce. Nos analyses rĂ©vĂšlent aussi quâun dĂ©codage Ă©levĂ© de la LfPC rĂ©duit le nombre d'erreurs sur ces traits : nos donnĂ©es suggĂšrent qu'une exposition adĂ©quate Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la production du voisement, du contraste de nasalitĂ© ainsi que du mode et du lieu dâarticulation.Dans un second temps, les productions acoustiques et les gestes articulatoires, recueillis par Ă©chographie linguale, de neuf enfants avec CI et exposĂ©s Ă la LfPC et de dix enfants normo-entendants, entre 51 et 137 mois, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que lâexposition Ă la LfPC permet aux enfants avec CI de produire les gestes articulatoires linguaux de la mĂȘme façon que leurs pairs normo-entendants, en particulier lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© des compĂ©tences Ă©levĂ©es de dĂ©codage. Les donnĂ©es montrent Ă©galement quâun niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC favorise la distinction de lieu dâarticulation des plosives et des fricatives chez lâenfant avec CI.Comme soutenu par plusieurs Ă©quipes de recherche, lâexposition Ă la LfPC est fonctionnellement bĂ©nĂ©fique pour la perception de parole puisquâelle fournit un accĂšs visuel Ă tous les phonĂšmes du français. Les rĂ©sultats de nos deux Ă©tudes mettent en avant ses effets Ă plus long terme sur la production de parole, probablement expliquĂ©s par le fait qu'un meilleur accĂšs perceptif fournit de meilleures reprĂ©sentations phonologiques.Enfin, ce travail de thĂšse fournit deux corpus de donnĂ©es de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur la production de parole dâenfants au dĂ©veloppement typique et dâenfants avec CI : un ensemble de donnĂ©es phonĂ©tiques et un ensemble de donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires. Ces donnĂ©es peuvent informer la pratique clinique en fournissant des pistes dâintervention orthophonique pour faciliter la prise en charge de lâenfant avec CI mais Ă©galement favoriser les interactions quotidiennes Ă domicile en confirmant le rĂŽle crucial des repĂšres visuels pour un dĂ©veloppement optimal de la production et du traitement de la parole
Production de parole chez l'enfant sourd : bénéfices de l'exposition à la Langue française Parlée Complétée associée à l'implantation cochléaire
Although cochlear implant (CI) improves speech perception in children with hearing impairment, the perception of some acoustic features may be impaired and oral language development impacted, with limited phonological skills. In order to supplement missing phonological information, the manual gestures of French Cued Speech or Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) can be used simultaneously with speech. Several studies have shown the benefits of exposure to cued speech on speech perception and phonological development of the child with hearing impairment. However, few studies have examined the link between cochlear implantation and cued speech. This thesis proposes to investigate the long-term benefits of exposure to Cued French (CF) for the phonological development of children with cochlear implants. Our general hypothesis is that exposure to CF improves speech perception, which promotes the development of phonological representations in children with CI. We hypothesize that the phonological skills developed in perception, through exposure to CF, transfer to speech production, which would improve phoneme production. This improvement was demonstrated using acoustic data (picture naming task) and then characterized using articulatory data.First, the speech production of fourteen children with cochlear implants and 71 children with normal hearing, aged 60-140 months, was analyzed using the EULALIES picture naming task, which is designed to test the accuracy of spontaneous (non-imitative) phoneme production in an isolated word context. Analysis of these data by expert phoneticians allowed us to show a significant improvement in the speech production abilities of eight children with cochlear implants when they developed a high level of CF reading skills, compared to six children who had little or no CF reading skills. Like many studies, our results indicate that early implantation facilitates the development of phonological skills, but that the production of some phonetic features, such as voicing and nasality contrasts and mode and place of articulation, remain impaired even in children with early implantation. On the other hand, our analyses show that a high level of CF reading skills reduces the number of errors on these phonetic features: our data highlight that adequate exposure to CF seems to improve the production of voicing, nasality contrast and mode and place of articulation.In a second step, the acoustic productions and articulatory gestures, collected by lingual ultrasound, of nine children with cochlear implants exposed to CF and ten children, aged 51-137 months, were studied. The results suggest that exposure to CF enables children with cochlear implants to produce articulatory language gestures in the same way as their normal hearing peers, especially when they have developed high CF reading skills. Our data also demonstrate that a high level of CF reading skills promotes place of articulation distinction in plosives and fricatives in children with CI.As several research teams have argued, exposure to CF is functionally beneficial during communication as it provides visual access to all French phonemes. Furthermore, the results of these two studies highlight its longer-term effects on speech production, probably explained by the fact that better perceptual access provides better phonological representations.This thesis also provides two sets of baseline data on the speech production of typically developing children and children with cochlear implants: a phonetic data set and an acoustic and articulatory data set. These data can inform clinical practice by providing guidance for speech and language therapy interventions to facilitate the care of children with cochlear implants, but also to support daily interactions at home by confirming the crucial role of visual cues for optimal development of speech production and processing.Bien que l'implant cochlĂ©aire (CI) amĂ©liore la perception de parole chez les enfants sourds, la perception de certains traits acoustiques peut ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e, le dĂ©veloppement du langage oral impactĂ© et les compĂ©tences phonologiques limitĂ©es. Les gestes manuels de la Langue française ParlĂ©e ComplĂ©tĂ©e (LfPC) peuvent alors complĂ©ter les informations phonologiques manquantes. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© les apports de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur la perception de parole et le dĂ©veloppement phonologique en langue vocale. Toutefois, peu dâĂ©tudes ont explorĂ© le lien entre CI et LfPC. Cette thĂšse examine les bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă long terme de lâexposition Ă la LfPC sur le dĂ©veloppement phonologique des enfants avec CI. Notre hypothĂšse est que lâexposition Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la perception de parole, ce qui favorise le dĂ©veloppement des reprĂ©sentations phonologiques chez lâenfant avec CI. Nous supposons que les compĂ©tences phonologiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es en perception, par le biais de lâexposition Ă la LfPC, se transfĂšrent Ă la production de parole, ce qui amĂ©liorerait la production de phonĂšmes. Pour caractĂ©riser cette amĂ©lioration, des donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies.Dans un premier temps, la production de parole de 14 enfants avec CI et de 71 enfants normo-entendants, de 60 Ă 140 mois, a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e Ă l'aide de la tĂąche de dĂ©nomination d'images de la batterie EULALIES, conçue pour tester la prĂ©cision de la production spontanĂ©e de phonĂšmes dans un contexte de mots isolĂ©s. Lâanalyse de ces donnĂ©es a montrĂ© une production de phonĂšmes plus prĂ©cise chez les enfants avec CI lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© un niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC, par rapport aux enfants dont les compĂ©tences de dĂ©codage sont plus limitĂ©es. Comme Ă©tabli, nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que l'implantation prĂ©coce facilite le dĂ©veloppement phonologique mais que la production de certains traits acoustiques, tels que le voisement, la nasalitĂ©, le mode ou le lieu d'articulation, restent dĂ©gradĂ©s mĂȘme lors dâune implantation prĂ©coce. Nos analyses rĂ©vĂšlent aussi quâun dĂ©codage Ă©levĂ© de la LfPC rĂ©duit le nombre d'erreurs sur ces traits : nos donnĂ©es suggĂšrent qu'une exposition adĂ©quate Ă la LfPC amĂ©liore la production du voisement, du contraste de nasalitĂ© ainsi que du mode et du lieu dâarticulation.Dans un second temps, les productions acoustiques et les gestes articulatoires, recueillis par Ă©chographie linguale, de neuf enfants avec CI et exposĂ©s Ă la LfPC et de dix enfants normo-entendants, entre 51 et 137 mois, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que lâexposition Ă la LfPC permet aux enfants avec CI de produire les gestes articulatoires linguaux de la mĂȘme façon que leurs pairs normo-entendants, en particulier lorsquâils ont dĂ©veloppĂ© des compĂ©tences Ă©levĂ©es de dĂ©codage. Les donnĂ©es montrent Ă©galement quâun niveau Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©codage de la LfPC favorise la distinction de lieu dâarticulation des plosives et des fricatives chez lâenfant avec CI.Comme soutenu par plusieurs Ă©quipes de recherche, lâexposition Ă la LfPC est fonctionnellement bĂ©nĂ©fique pour la perception de parole puisquâelle fournit un accĂšs visuel Ă tous les phonĂšmes du français. Les rĂ©sultats de nos deux Ă©tudes mettent en avant ses effets Ă plus long terme sur la production de parole, probablement expliquĂ©s par le fait qu'un meilleur accĂšs perceptif fournit de meilleures reprĂ©sentations phonologiques.Enfin, ce travail de thĂšse fournit deux corpus de donnĂ©es de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur la production de parole dâenfants au dĂ©veloppement typique et dâenfants avec CI : un ensemble de donnĂ©es phonĂ©tiques et un ensemble de donnĂ©es acoustiques et articulatoires. Ces donnĂ©es peuvent informer la pratique clinique en fournissant des pistes dâintervention orthophonique pour faciliter la prise en charge de lâenfant avec CI mais Ă©galement favoriser les interactions quotidiennes Ă domicile en confirmant le rĂŽle crucial des repĂšres visuels pour un dĂ©veloppement optimal de la production et du traitement de la parole
Nonword repetition in children with cochlear implants using different speech and language rehabilitation approaches
When a child is diagnosed with hearing impairment, early intervention should be provided to avoid language deprivation and its consequences. This study investigates the contribution of two spoken language rehabilitation approaches to speech development in children with cochlear implants (CI) using a nonword repetition task. Cued Speech (CS) is a multisensory communication tool, facilitating speech perception by providing access to all phonemes. Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) is a hearing-focused method, training auditory skills to boost speech perception. Earlier studies have reported that CS and AVT improve phonological skills in a picture-naming task. In this study, using a nonword repetition task, we show that the number of consonant and vowel errors is higher in children with CI than in typically-hearing peers, independently of the rehabilitation method. Therefore, children with CI may have hidden speech processing difficulties that remain undetected in lexical speech tasks but can be revealed by nonword repetition
Consonant production in children with cochlear implants and exposed to Canadian French Cued Speech: an acoustic and articulatory study
International audienceAlthough cochlear implant improves deaf childrenâs speech intelligibility (Turgeon et al., 2017; Grandon et al., 2020), the auditory information it provides remains degraded (Colin et al., 2017). This auditory limitation can impact on oral language development and lead to persistent language disorders (Geers et al., 2015). Several acoustic studies have highlighted specific impairments in the speech production of children with CI (Grandon, 2016; Reidy et al., 2017) but only a few studies have examined how children with CI use their articulators to produce speech (Turgeon et al., 2017). To supplement degraded acoustic information, cued speech manual gestures can be used in conjunction with auditory and visual speech (Hage & Leybaert, 2006). French Cued Speech has been shown to improve auditory processing of sentences in children with hearing aids (PĂ©rier et al., 1990, Leybaert et al., 2010) and to help children build more stable phonological representations (Charlier & Leybaert, 2000), even in children with CI (Hage & Leybaert, 2006; Leybaert et al., 2010). It has also been suggested that exposure to French Cued Speech could improve production (Hage & Leybaert, 2006; Machart et al., 2019).The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of Canadian French Cued Speech proficiency on the acoustic quality and accuracy of tongue gestures in children with CI. Based on speech production data obtained in French-speaking children with CI (Machart et al., 2019; in revision), we chose to focus on the two following stops /t/, /k/ and the two fricatives /s/, /Ê/, for which substitution errors are common. Articulatory data were obtained using an ultrasound system (described in MĂ©nard et al., 2014). The consonants were recorded during the production of simple words (Picture-naming task), each including one of the target consonants followed by the vowel /a/. Two groups of children were examined: 10 typical children with normal hearing (NH) and 9 children with cochlear implants who showed different cued speech proficiency levels (CI- and CI+). Acoustic data were phonetically annotated and analysed using PRAAT (Boersma & Weenink). Accuracy scores have been computed. Acoustic measurements such as formant transition for stops and spectral moments for fricatives have been obtained. Articulatory data have been extracted using SLURP (Laporte & MĂ©nard, 2018). Tongue contour were assessed on horizontal positions of specific flesh points (MĂ©nard et al., 2013; Ohkubo & Scobbie, 2019) as well as on MCI (Dawson et al., 2015).The results suggest that cued speech proficiency sustains the development of speech production in children with cochlear implants, and improves their articulatory gestures, particularly for the place contrast in plosives as well as fricatives. Moreover, it appears that high cued speech proficiency may allow children with CI to produce acoustic and articulatory contrasts in the same way as children with normal hearing
Consonant production in children with cochlear implants and exposed to Canadian French Cued Speech: an acoustic and articulatory study
International audienceAlthough cochlear implant improves deaf childrenâs speech intelligibility (Turgeon et al., 2017; Grandon et al., 2020), the auditory information it provides remains degraded (Colin et al., 2017). This auditory limitation can impact on oral language development and lead to persistent language disorders (Geers et al., 2015). Several acoustic studies have highlighted specific impairments in the speech production of children with CI (Grandon, 2016; Reidy et al., 2017) but only a few studies have examined how children with CI use their articulators to produce speech (Turgeon et al., 2017). To supplement degraded acoustic information, cued speech manual gestures can be used in conjunction with auditory and visual speech (Hage & Leybaert, 2006). French Cued Speech has been shown to improve auditory processing of sentences in children with hearing aids (PĂ©rier et al., 1990, Leybaert et al., 2010) and to help children build more stable phonological representations (Charlier & Leybaert, 2000), even in children with CI (Hage & Leybaert, 2006; Leybaert et al., 2010). It has also been suggested that exposure to French Cued Speech could improve production (Hage & Leybaert, 2006; Machart et al., 2019).The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of Canadian French Cued Speech proficiency on the acoustic quality and accuracy of tongue gestures in children with CI. Based on speech production data obtained in French-speaking children with CI (Machart et al., 2019; in revision), we chose to focus on the two following stops /t/, /k/ and the two fricatives /s/, /Ê/, for which substitution errors are common. Articulatory data were obtained using an ultrasound system (described in MĂ©nard et al., 2014). The consonants were recorded during the production of simple words (Picture-naming task), each including one of the target consonants followed by the vowel /a/. Two groups of children were examined: 10 typical children with normal hearing (NH) and 9 children with cochlear implants who showed different cued speech proficiency levels (CI- and CI+). Acoustic data were phonetically annotated and analysed using PRAAT (Boersma & Weenink). Accuracy scores have been computed. Acoustic measurements such as formant transition for stops and spectral moments for fricatives have been obtained. Articulatory data have been extracted using SLURP (Laporte & MĂ©nard, 2018). Tongue contour were assessed on horizontal positions of specific flesh points (MĂ©nard et al., 2013; Ohkubo & Scobbie, 2019) as well as on MCI (Dawson et al., 2015).The results suggest that cued speech proficiency sustains the development of speech production in children with cochlear implants, and improves their articulatory gestures, particularly for the place contrast in plosives as well as fricatives. Moreover, it appears that high cued speech proficiency may allow children with CI to produce acoustic and articulatory contrasts in the same way as children with normal hearing
Influence of French Cued Speech on consonant production in children with cochlear implants: an ultrasound study
International audienceAlthough cochlear implant improves deaf childrenâs speech intelligibility (Turgeon et al., 2017; Grandon et al., to be published), the auditory information it provides remains degraded (Colin et al., 2017) and the perception of some acoustic features can be altered (Bouton et al., 2015). These auditory limitations may impact oral language development and lead to persistent language disorders (Geers et al., 2015). Some acoustic studies have highlighted specific impairments in the speech production of CI children (Grandon, 2016; Reidy et al., 2016). Only a few studies have investigated how CI children use their articulators to produce speech (Turgeon et al., 2017). To compensate for the degraded acoustic input some people choose to use Cued French (CF) which supplements the auditory information with a manual cue (Hage & Leybaert, 2006). CF has been shown to improve auditory sentence processing in children with hearing aids (PĂ©rier et al., 1990, Leybaert et al., 2010) and to help children build more stable phonological representations (Charlier & Leybaert, 2000). Using CF enhances speech perception even in CI children (Hage & Leybaert, 2006; Leybaert et al., 2010) and in a noisy environment (Bayard et al., 2019). It has also been suggested that CF could improve sentence production (Hage & Leybaert, 2006).The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of CF on articulatory precision in CI children. Ultrasound imaging of the sagittal profile of the tongue provides objective information on the degree of articulatory precision. As part of an ongoing project on speech development in French, we have collected speech data on 85 normal hearing children (NH) and 17 CI children (Machart et al., 2019). Based on preliminary data analysis, in the present ultrasound study we chose to focus on the 6 consonants /t/, /k/, /s/, /Ê/, /n/, /ÉČ/, which are frequently substituted by CI children, independently of voicing substitutions (Fig.1), and which can be distinguished by the horizontal and vertical position of the tongue. The lingual movements are recorded during the production of simple words (Picture-Naming task) each including one of the targeted consonants followed by vowel /a/. Stimuli have been chosen for their frequency and imageability: tapis /tapi/ carpet, carotte /kaÊÉt/ carrot, sapin /sapÉ/Ì fir tree, chapeau /Êapo/ hat, narine /naÊin/ nostril, orignal /oÊiÉČal/ moose. Three groups of children are examined: 10 typical NH children (NH), 9 CI children with a strictly oral education (CI) and 9 CI children who benefit from a CF education (CIcf). A secondary aim of the study is to test the impact of simultaneous speech and CF production on articulatory accuracy. The CIcf group is therefore split in two subgroups: children who are not able to use CF in production (group 1: 5 children) and children who can use CF when they speak (group 2: 4 children). CIcf children group 2 are asked to utter the words and cue simultaneously (US_CF condition). Acoustic data are transcribed using PRAAT (Boersma & Weenink) and ultrasound data are analyzed using SLURP (Laporte & MĂ©nard, 2018). The tongue position index will be the location of the highest point of the tongue on the y axis (MĂ©nard et al., 2013). The curvature index will be measured following the methods described in Dawson et al. (2015).The hypotheses are that CI children have a better representation of speech sounds when they benefit from CF, which results in more precise articulation and lingual configurations comparable to those of children with typical development. (H1) We anticipate that CIcf children produce these contrasts more typically and more stably than CI children. More specifically, we expect accuracy scores, acoustic and articulatory parameters to be closer to the NH group in CIcf children than in CI children. (H2) Moreover, we think that using CF during production might improve articulatory control: using the hand will help in positioning the articulators resulting in higher accuracy scores, more typical acoustic parameters, and more typical lingual configurations