Evidence confirms an anthropic origin of Amazonian Dark Earths

Archaeology of the America

A global research priority agenda to advance public health responses to fatty liver disease

Background & aims An estimated 38% of adults worldwide have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). From individual impacts to widespread public health and economic consequences, the implications of this disease are profound. This study aimed to develop an aligned, prioritised fatty liver disease research agenda for the global health community. Methods Nine co-chairs drafted initial research priorities, subsequently reviewed by 40 core authors and debated during a three-day in-person meeting. Following a Delphi methodology, over two rounds, a large panel (R1 n = 344, R2 n = 288) reviewed the priorities, via Qualtrics XM, indicating agreement using a four-point Likert-scale and providing written feedback. The core group revised the draft priorities between rounds. In R2, panellists also ranked the priorities within six domains: epidemiology, models of care, treatment and care, education and awareness, patient and community perspectives, and leadership and public health policy. Results The consensus-built fatty liver disease research agenda encompasses 28 priorities. The mean percentage of ‘agree’ responses increased from 78.3 in R1 to 81.1 in R2. Five priorities received unanimous combined agreement (‘agree’ + ‘somewhat agree’); the remaining 23 priorities had >90% combined agreement. While all but one of the priorities exhibited at least a super-majority of agreement (>66.7% ‘agree’), 13 priorities had 90% combined agreement. Conclusions Adopting this multidisciplinary consensus-built research priorities agenda can deliver a step-change in addressing fatty liver disease, mitigating against its individual and societal harms and proactively altering its natural history through prevention, identification, treatment, and care. This agenda should catalyse the global health community’s efforts to advance and accelerate responses to this widespread and fast-growing public health threat. Impact and implications An estimated 38% of adults and 13% of children and adolescents worldwide have fatty liver disease, making it the most prevalent liver disease in history. Despite substantial scientific progress in the past three decades, the burden continues to grow, with an urgent need to advance understanding of how to prevent, manage, and treat the disease. Through a global consensus process, a multidisciplinary group agreed on 28 research priorities covering a broad range of themes, from disease burden, treatment, and health system responses to awareness and policy. The findings have relevance for clinical and non-clinical researchers as well as funders working on fatty liver disease and non-communicable diseases more broadly, setting out a prioritised, ranked research agenda for turning the tide on this fast-growing public health threat

Enzymatic Hydrolyze Of Soy Oil Using Lipase By Geotrichum Candidum

In recent years, lipase production by microorganisms has been extensively studied and different applications have been proposed for this enzyme. The aim of this work was to use the lipase generated by Geotrichum candidum to perform the soy oil hydrolysis as a first step of the enzymatic biodiesel production. The enzymatic hydrolyze was carried out through central composite design 2 3 under conditions of water (from 5 to 15% w/w), temperature (from 34 to 40X)) and enzyme concentration (from 3 to 5% w/w that means from 42 to 70 U EtL/g oil) in a thermostatic reactor using magnetic agitation. Lipase used codify as EtL was obtained using lipase solution with 15.0U/mL purification through ethanol addition and lyophilization for 2 days resulting in enzymatic solid containing 692 U/mg and 13.7% of water. All experiments was carried out with 2.Og of soybean oil and best hydrolysis result (34%) was obtained at 40°C, with 15% (m/m) of water and 3% of enzymatic solid (42 U/g oil), after 24 hours of reaction. In another experiment, using more oil (10g) and enzymatic solid with 925 U/g ,better results were obtained: 40%, 53% and 29% of hydrolysis after 12, 24 and 48 hours of reaction, respectively, with similar conditions: 15% (m/m) of water and 5% (m/m) of enzyme (46 U/g oil), at 37°C. These res ults demonstrate this lipase's good capability for the soy oil hydrolysis, and its related production of free fatty acids, indicating that it could represent an appropriate option for the biodiesel production.831834European Society of Agricultural Engineers,European Federation of Food Science and Technology,International Union of Food Science and Technology,American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,International Association of Engineering and FoodLoo, J.L., Lai, O.M., Long, K., Ghazali, H.M., Fatty acid preference of mycelium-bond lipase from a locally isolated strain of Geotrichum candidum (2007) World J Microbiol Biotecnhol, 23, pp. 1771-1778Freitas, L., Bueno, T., Perez, V.H., Santos, J.C., Castro, H.F., Enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil using lipase from different sources to yield concentrated of polyunsaturated fatty acids (2007) World J Microbil Biotechnol, 23, pp. 1725-1731Ting, W.J., Tung, K.Y., Giridhar, R., Wu, W.T., Application of binary immobilized candida rugosa lipase for hydrolysis of soybean oil (2006) Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 42 (2), pp. 32-3