The adaptive function of construction of multiple non‐breeding nests in birds

Several bird species construct multiple nests within a single breeding season that are not used for egg-laying. This behaviour has puzzled researchers for over 100 years, as nests are costly in time and energy to build, and there is no apparent adaptive function. We review the empirical evidence for several suggested non-exclusive functions and examine the plausibility of each. These functions are: (1) decoys to reduce predation or brood parasitism, (2) involvement in sexual selection and signalling of traits such as genetic quality or propensity for parental investment, (3) shelters for adults and/or fledglings, and (4) defence against nest usurpation. We argue that evidence for all these explanations is inconclusive, with correlational studies dominating the literature. We conclude that the idea that these nests evolved as decoys or as shelters for fledglings is unlikely and consider the most likely adaptive function to be signalling. Multiple nests are often involved in aspects of courtship, so are likely have some role in sexual selection in certain species. After pairing, individuals may be able to signal their parental abilities, inducing their partner to invest more in reproduction through differential allocation. We give suggestions for future work which we believe will advance our understanding of ancillary nest-building

Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy

Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy offers a unique perspective on intellectual property law, unrivalled amongst IP textbooks available today. Beyond providing an up-to-date account of intellectual property law, the text examines the complex policies that inform and guide modern IP law at the domestic (including Scottish), European and international levels, giving the reader a true insight into the discipline and the shape of things to come. The focus is on contemporary challenges to intellectual property law and policy and the reader is encouraged to engage critically both with the text and the subject matter. Carefully developed to ensure that the complexities of the subject are addressed in a clear and approachable manner, the extensive use of practical examples, exercises and visual aids throughout the text enliven the subject and stimulate the reader