Andrew Carnegie, World Making and the Logic of Contemporary Entrepreneurial Philanthropy

This paper focuses on the relationship between the business and philanthropic endeavours of world-making entrepreneurs; asking why, how and to what ends these individuals seek to extend their reach in society beyond business. We present an original model of entrepreneurial philanthropy which demonstrates how investment in philanthropic projects can yield positive returns in cultural, social and symbolic capital, which in turn may lead to growth in economic capital. The interpretive power of the model is demonstrated through analysis of the career of Andrew Carnegie, whose story, far from reducing to one of earning a fortune then giving it away, is revealed as more complex and more unified. His philanthropy raised his stock within the field of power, extending his influence and helping convert surplus funds into social networks, high social standing and intellectual currency, enabling him to engage in world making on a grand scale

From knowledge dependence to knowledge creation: Industrial growth and the technological advance of the Japanese electronics industry

The thrust of the argument put forward in this paper is that the postwar technological advance of the Japanese electronics industry was in essence a product not a primary cause of industrial growth. We demonstrate that the industry's surge forward resulted from the interaction of a unique combination of political, economic and cultural forces. Business leaders took full advantage by investing on a massive scale in physical, organizational, human and technological resources. It was success in the marketplace and strong cash flows that allowed Japanese firms to import technology on a large scale, invest in scientists and engineers, and progressively develop world class technological capabilities. In establishing themselves as global players, Japanese electronics firms moved over the years from a position of knowledge dependence to one of knowledge creation. We explore how this transformation was achieved and how they learned to control and exploit knowledge creating systems and processes. In particular, we establish the multi-faceted context and complex set of relationships that have conditioned strategic decision making and the creation of technological capabilities

Sullivan as a National Style-Builder

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It Depends: Recasting Internet Clickwrap, Browsewrap, I Agree, and Click-Through Privacy Clauses as Waivers of Adhesion

Digital giants, enabled by America’s courts, Congress, and the Federal Trade Commission, devise click-through, clickwrap, browsewrap, I Agree waivers, and other legal fictions that purport to evidence user consent to consumer privacy erosions. It is no longer enough to justify privacy invasions as technologically inevitable or as essential to the American economy. As forced consent is no consent at all, privacy policies must advance with the technology. This article discusses adhesion waivers, the potential for FTC corrective action, and a comparison to privacy policies of the European Union

It Depends: Recasting Internet Clickwrap, Browsewrap, I Agree, and Click-Through Privacy Clauses as Waivers of Adhesion

Digital giants, enabled by America’s courts, Congress, and the Federal Trade Commission, devise click-through, clickwrap, browsewrap, I Agree waivers, and other legal fictions that purport to evidence user consent to consumer privacy erosions. It is no longer enough to justify privacy invasions as technologically inevitable or as essential to the American economy. As forced consent is no consent at all, privacy policies must advance with the technology. This article discusses adhesion waivers, the potential for FTC corrective action, and a comparison to privacy policies of the European Union

Creating a Wanted Poster from a Drop of Blood: Using DNA Phenotyping to Generate an Artist\u27s Rendering of an Offender Based Only on DNA Shed at the Crime Scene

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Historical organization studies

Historical organization studies denotes organizational research that draws on historical sources, methods and knowledge to promote historically informed theoretical narratives attentive to both theory and history. It thus aspires to dual integrity, whereby organization theory and history inform one another without either becoming dominant. By historicizing organizational research, the contexts and forces bearing upon organizations may be more fully recognized and analyses of organizational and institutional dynamics improved. This chapter explores, through three illustrative projects, different ways in which historical organization studies might be enacted: an archival-based exploration of the construction since 1945 of the global hotel industry; an oral-history project on corporate governance and executive remuneration; and a database-centric study of philanthropy in North East England between 1830 and 1939 drawing on diverse primary sources. The methodology’s main strength lies in explicating the processes at work in the emergence, institutionalization and maintenance of contemporary phenomena of substance and import

Capital theory and the dynamics of elite business networks in Britain and France

Post-print version. Final version published by Wiley; available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/The paper explores capital theory, examining the typology of forms of capital possessed by elite directors, and drawing in particular on the writings of Pierre Bourdieu. We are particularly interested in questions relating to the reproduction and regeneration of business elites. How do business elites reproduce and regenerate themselves, despite the fact that their membership is constantly changing? What qualifies someone for membership of an elite business group, and how do newcomers gain acceptance? We focus here on some of the ‘newcomers’ who participated in our study of French and British business elites (1998-2003), interviews with whom allow us to interpret the experience of those who have gained admission to elite business groups. We find that culture plays a critical role, imposing discipline and compliance to the rules of the organisational game, as individuals act along pre-ordained lines laid down by ‘habitus’. Our research points overwhelmingly to the power of cultural reproduction among business elites, despite the admission of newcomers to the boards of the leading companies of Britain and France, or of nouveaux riches into ‘old guard’ elite communities

A Radiological Study of the Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations

(1) A series of 32 cases form the basis of a radiological investigation of the intracranial arteriovenous malformations. (2) The incidence of the intracranial arterio- venous malformations has been estimated at one% of the neurological admissions to hospital (Mackenzie 1953). They comprise two to five% of the reported cases examined by cerebral angiography (4.8% in the present series). (3) The pathology of the lesion is described and its relationship to the other vascular anomalies is defined. Arteriovenous malformation is considered to be the most suitable terminology. (4) Abnormal appearances in the preliminary skull radiographs, attributable to the presence of an arteriovenous malformation, may be seen in approximately 30% of the cases. They are as follows: (a) Enlargement of foramina and grooves for the meningeal vessels and occasionally anomalous vascular channels. Perforations in the skull due to communications between branches of the external carotid artery in the scalp and the meningeal vessels. Thickening of the skull, when the vascularity of the hone is greatly increased, which may simulate the hyperostosis of a meningioma. (b) Enlarged and pulsating drainage veins or the malformation itself may lead to localised areas of erosion of the inner table of the skull. Enlargement of the sagittal sinus groove may be demonstrable when there is a large shunt situated so that its effluents drain into the sinus. This observation may be of some value, since it may be the only visible radiographic change occurring with a lesion confined to the intracerebral circulation. Pour of the present cases showed marked widening and deepening of the sinus groove and in three others enlargement was probable. (c) Calcification may be found in the walls of the vessels of the malformation or in adjacent haematomata. It is present in approximately 15% of cases. (5) Ventriculography and encephalography have been superseded by cerebral angiography in the investigation of intracranial vascular lesions. In approximately 70% of cases of arteriovenous malformation plain radiography and ventriculography combined show some abnormality. An undulating, serrated or ripple contour of the walls of the lateral ventricle, without shift of the ventricular system has been considered typical of the conditions. Other changes result from cerebral atrophy, organisation of blood clot in the ventricle leading to coarctation, or to filling of a porencephalic cyst with air. Hydrocephalus commonly occurs with mid-brain lesions. (6) The technique of cerebral angiography as it applies to the demonstration of the arteriovenous malformations is described. Possible pitfalls in diagnosis are considered. (7) The angiographic appearances of the arteriovenous malformations, their feeding arteries and drainage veins are described. There were 17 large lesions, 10 small and 5 of intermediate size. The middle cerebral artery was the feeding vessel in 75% of cases. (8) A case is presented to support the hypothesis that a true increase in size of the arteriovenous malformations occurs. (9) Epilepsy was the presenting symptom in 25% and present eventually in 44 cent. of the present cases. The attacks were mainly focal in type and in those presenting with epilepsy the common situation of the lesion was fronto-parietal. If haemorrhage proceeded the onset of the attacks the lesion was elsewhere in the brain. (10) Headache was a presenting feature in 44% of the cases. It was commoner with the large (11 of 17 cases) than with the small (3 of 10 cases). Six lesions in relation to the occipital lobe were associated with headache of a migrainous type. (11) Haemorrhage occurred from 41% of the large, 70% of the small and all 5 lesions of medium size. It is suggested that the difference in incidence in bleeding from the small and large malformations, is due to the fact that the large ones are found during the course of investigation for symptoms such as headache and epilepsy, whereas small lesions are frequently asymptomatic until bleeding occurs. The relative liability of the small and large lesions to bleed cannot however be assessed until the number of small lesions at risk is known. The possibility that the small lesions are in fact more liable to haemorrhage than the large is not excluded. There are no characteristic angiographic features whereby the liability of a particular lesion to haemorrhage can be forecast. (12) The frequency with which an intracranial bruit can be heard on auscultation of the skull has varied widely in different reports. It was present in 8 cases (25% ), all large lesions, of the author's series. In 5 of the cases there was clinical or radiographic evidence of hypertrophy of branches of the external carotid artery. (13) The differentiating features between highly vascular tumours such as glioblastoma multiforme and meningioma and the arteriovenous malformations are described. There were no difficulties of this type in the present series of cases. (14) The value of cerebral angiography in the assessment of the operability of a lesion and in showing the results of excision are exemplified