Morell Mackenzie’s contribution to the description of spasmodic dysphonia

Objectives: Since the middle of the 20th century most discussions of Spasmodic Dysphonia reference a paper by Ludwig Traube published in1871 as the first historical citation, crediting him with priority for this clinical syndrome. However, our recent research has determined that the original observation by Traube was published in 1864 and does not in fact describe what is currently recognized as SD. It appears that many clinics throughout Europe and North America were investigating and publishing observations on a range of voice disorders.. Methods: The wider context of work on laryngeal disorders in the 1860s-1870s is considered. One of Traube’s contemporaries, Morell Mackenzie made significant contributions to the understanding of laryngeal movement disorder and its consequences for the voice. These will be examined to gain a clearer focus on the characterization of this disorder. Results: The clinical descriptions published by Morrell Mackenzie in the 1860s provide details which conform quite closely to our current day understanding of SD. Conclusions: The citation of Traube’s “hysterical” patient links to mid-20th century views of the functional nature of SD and the utility of psychiatric treatment. The description presented by Mackenzie is consistent with current views of SD as a movement disorder

Anti-Discrimination in the Workplace: The Intersection of Mental Health and the Americans with Disabilities Act

Anti-discrimination law focuses on the right of people to be treated equally. A person should not be treated differently based on the person’s gender, national origin, religion, race, ethnicity, or age. Anti-discrimination law include the Civil Rights Act, Title IX, Age discrimination Act, The pregnancy discrimination Act, and the Americans With Disability Act. This paper look at the intersection of Mental Health and the ADA

Business and Animal Rights: What is Anti-Cruelty Law Really About?

The creation of law pertaining to animals within our country is predominately fueled by the direct correlation it has to the well-being of our society as humans rather than the animal. This comes in the form of both economic and social values that we have deemed important to our livelihood. The sentiment for animals shifts when the animal leads to money in our pockets. This theory is explored within this paper

Weathering microenvironments on feldspar surfaces: implications for understanding fluid-mineral reactions in soils

The mechanisms by which coatings develop on weathered grain surfaces, and their potential impact on rates of fluid-mineral interaction, have been investigated by examining feldspars from a 1.1 ky old soil in the Glen Feshie chronosequence, Scottish highlands. Using the focused ion beam technique, electron-transparent foils for characterization by transmission electron microscopy were cut from selected parts of grain surfaces. Some parts were bare whereas others had accumulations, a few micrometres thick, of weathering products, often mixed with mineral and microbial debris. Feldspar exposed at bare grain surfaces is crystalline throughout and so there is no evidence for the presence of the amorphous 'leached layers' that typically form in acid-dissolution experiments and have been described from some natural weathering contexts. The weathering products comprise sub-μm thick crystallites of an Fe-K aluminosilicate, probably smectite, that have grown within an amorphous and probably organic-rich matrix. There is also evidence for crystallization of clays having been mediated by fungal hyphae. Coatings formed within Glen Feshie soils after ∼1.1 ky are insufficiently continuous or impermeable to slow rates of fluid-feldspar reactions, but provide valuable insights into the complex weathering microenvironments on debris and microbe-covered mineral surfaces

Interaction between vortices in models with two order parameters

The interaction energy and force between widely separated strings is analyzed in a field theory having applications to superconducting cosmic strings, the SO(5) model of high-temperature superconductivity, and solitons in nonlinear optics. The field theory has two order parameters, one of which is broken in the vacuum (giving rise to strings), the other of which is unbroken in the vacuum but which could nonetheless be broken in the core of the string. If this does occur, there is an effect on the energetics of widely separated strings. This effect is important if the length scale of this second order parameter is longer than that of the other fields in the problem.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures. Minor changes in the text. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Alu Dimorphism at the PV92 Locus of Chromosome 16 is in Equilibrium for University Student Population

Alu is a retrotransposable element, which refers to its ability to be copied and move from one region of DNA to another DNA region. At the PV92 locus of chromosome 16, Alu is a 300 bp dimorphic insert that can either be present or absent. It does not encode a protein product and has lost the ability to transpose. It is specific to humans, and differences in genotype and allele frequencies between human populations are important tools in understanding evolution. In this research, data was obtained and analyzed from 269 students at Charleston Southern University (CSU) belonging to four different races: Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and White. Standard molecular biology procedures were used to isolate DNA from epithelial cheek cells, detect Alu inserts using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and determine genotypes by gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel, and chi square and Hardy-Weinberg equations were used to test for goodness of fit and equilibrium, respectively. The results were separated by genotypes: homozygous present, heterozygous, or homozygous absent. Homozygous absent was the most common genotype. Results were further separated into categories of gender and race. No significant genotype differences were found between male and female or between Black and White students. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between all other race combinations. Hardy-Weinberg calculations indicate that mutations, natural selection, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and gene flow are negligible, and the overall student population at CSU is in equilibrium

EOS MLS observations of dehydration in the 2004-2005 polar winters

We prove various estimates for the first eigenvalue of the magnetic Dirichlet Laplacian on a bounded domain in two dimensions. When the magnetic field is constant, we give lower and upper bounds in terms of geometric quantities of the domain. We furthermore prove a lower bound for the first magnetic Neumann eigenvalue in the case of constant field.Comment: 19 page