Theory of winds in late-type evolved and pre-main-sequence stars

Recent observational results confirm that many of the physical processes which are known to occur in the Sun also occur among late-type stars in general. One such process is the continuous loss of mass from a star in the form of a wind. There now exists an abundance of either direct or circumstantial evidence which suggests that most (if not all) stars in the cool portion of the HR diagram possess winds. An attempt is made to assess the current state of theoretical understanding of mass loss from two distinctly different classes of late-type stars: the post-main-sequence giant/supergiant stars and the pre-main-sequence T Tauri stars. Toward this end, the observationally inferred properties of the wind associated with each of the two stellar classes under consideration are summarized and compared against the predictions of existing theoretical models. Although considerable progress has been made in attempting to identify the mechanisms responsible for mass loss from cool stars, many fundamental problems remain to be solved

A comparison of UK equity and property duration

This paper considers the duration of property and equity. A general formula for duration of asset classes is derived. It is shown that calculations which assume, usually implicitly, that the flow-through of inflation to cash flow is zero, produce misleadingly high durations for property and equities. These are typically in the range 15 to 25 years. Simulations using the formulae show that property has some bond-like characteristics. The results indicate that, for realistic flow-through rates, equities have a higher duration than property. The flow-through rate is the most important variable in the estimation of equities. Using historical data, equity duration is estimated at 8.65 years and property’s at 3.15 years. These are substantially lower than those commonly cited. If these values can be substantiated, and if higher values are used in practice, portfolio immunisation strategies may need to be reconsidered

Asymmetric adjustment in the City of London office market

Earlier estimates of the City of London office market are extended by considering a longer time series of data, covering two cycles, and by explicitly modeling of asymmetric space market responses to employment and supply shocks. A long run structural model linking real rental levels, office-based employment and the supply of office space is estimated and then rental adjustment processes are modeled using an error correction model framework. Rental adjustment is seen to be asymmetric, depending both on the direction of the supply and demand shocks and on the state of the space market at the time of the shock. Vacancy adjustment does not display asymmetries. There is also a supply adjustment equation. Two three-equation systems, one with symmetric rental adjustment and the other with asymmetric adjustment, are subjected to positive and negative shocks to employment. These illustrate differences in the two systems

Pion-pion scattering and the diffractive production of nucleon resonances

The physics related to two aspects of the π N → π π N reaction is studied. We first consider the imposition of the constraints of analyticity, unitarity and, in particular, crossing, on the pion-pion scattering amplitudes, as extracted from studies of the low dipion mass kinematic region of the π N → π π N reaction. The application of the Roy equations to pion-pion scattering is discussed, then physical region crossing sum rules are systematically derived and applied, in conjunction with finite energy sum rules, to obtain information on the asymptotic pion-pion scattering amplitudes. The amplitudes are found to be well described in terms of Regge and pomeron exchange, with rho-f strong exchange degeneracy broken and an asymptotic total cross section for pion-pion scattering rather smaller than that expected from naive factorization arguments. Other evidence for a small meson-meson scattering asymptotic total cross section is collected, and possible explanations for the apparent failure of the pomeron to factorize are discussed. The second part of this thesis deals with diffraction dissociation processes. We discuss how the Deck-Drell-Hiida mechanism, in conjunction with the diffractive production, and subsequent decay, of resonances provides a good qualitative explanation of many of the features of inelastic diffractive scattering. Detailed data on the angular distributions of the diffractively produced pion-nucleon system in the 16 GeV. π N → π π N reaction are then interpreted quantitatively in terms of a simple model based on the above ideas, with full account taken of spin and interference effects. Information is obtained on the pomeron couplings, and the high energy t channel isospin zero pion-pion scattering amplitude, directly determined, is found to be consistent with the sum rule calculation results and a small asymptotic pion-pion scattering total cross section

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 3: Methods and Measurements)

The field of drug and alcohol studies has expanded rapidly in recent years, with estimates of at least a doubling in the number of publications in the past decades. A feature of this wide and multidisciplinary field is the tendency of sub-groups of scholars to operate within their disciplinary silos, paying only token attention to the contributions of others. There are also, naturally, significant differences in approaches of different countries, reflecting different policy frameworks and cultural perspectives. When faced with these challenges to comprehensive study, a publication such as this new six-volume collection - which aims to bring together the various disparate strands of the topic, including key articles written by scholars from across the globe, disciplines and decades - truly proves itself to be a unique and valuable resource for specialist students and researchers in the field. VOLUME THREE: METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS Evaluation of Heroin Maintenance in a Controlled Trial Richard Hartnoll et al Cost-Benefit Analysis of Drug Treatment Services William Cartwright Review of the Literature The National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS) Michael Gossop et al Four to Five-Year Follow-up Results Scientific and Political Challenges in North America's First Randomized Controlled Trial of Heroin-Assisted Treatment for Severe Heroin Addiction Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes et al Rationale and Design of the NAOMI Study Co-Morbidity of Mental Disorders with Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Darrel A. Regier et al Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study Alcohol Consumption and Injury in Western Australia Richard Midford et al A Spatial Correlation Analysis Using Geographic Information Systems Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) J. Saunders et al WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption Unravelling the Preventive Paradox for Acute Alcohol Problems Tim Stockwell et al Assessing Alcohol Consumption Lee Strunin Developments from Qualitative Research Methods Measuring Alcohol-Related Consequences in School Surveys Gerhard Gmel et al Alcohol Attributable Consequences or Consequences with Students' Alcohol Attribution Rapid Assessment and Response Studies of Injecting Drug Use Gerry Stimson et al Knowledge Gain, Capacity-Building and Intervention Development in a Multisite Study The Application of Ethnography with Reference to Harm Reduction in Sverdiovsk Russia Robert Power Putting It in Context Nicholas Jenkins et al The Use of Vignettes in Qualitative Interviewing Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harms of Drugs of Potential Misuse David Nutt et al The Clinical Utility of Brain SPECT Imaging in Process Addictions Daniel Amen, Kristen Willeumier and Robert Johnso

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 4: Policy approaches)

VOLUME FOUR: POLICY APPROACHES Preface Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter The Varieties of Drug Control at the Dawn of the 21st Century Comparative Analysis of Alcohol Control Policies in 30 Countries Donald Brand et al A Comparative Study of 38 European Countries Limited Rationality and the Limits of Supply Reduction Jonathan Caulkins and Robert MacCoun The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy Craig Reinerman, Peter Cohen and Hendrien Kaal Cannabis in Amsterdam and San Francisco AIDS and Injecting Drug Use in the United Kingdom, 1987-1993 Gerry Stimson The Policy Response and the Prevention of the Epidemic Treatment of What? Class, Gender and Work Ethics within the Compulsory Institutional Care of Alcohol Abusers in Sweden during the 20th Century Johan Edman From Margin to Mainstream Dagmar Hedrich, Alessandro Pirona and Lucas Wiessing The Evolution of Harm Reduction Responses to Problem Drug Use in Europe What Can We Learn from the Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs? Caitlin Elizabeth Hughes and Alex Stevens Effects of Alcohol Tax and Price Policies on Morbidity and Mortality Alexander Wagenaar et al A Systematic Review Alcohol Industry Influences on U.K. Alcohol Policy Benjamin Hawkins et al A New Research Agenda for Public Health Counting the Costs of the War on Drugs Steve Rolles et al Executive Summary The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Global Overview 2012 Patrick Gallahue et al Towards Revision of the U.N. Drug Control Conventions David Bewley-Taylor Harnessing Like-Mindednes

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 2: Theoretical Studies)

VOLUME TWO: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Excerpt from Drug, Set and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use N. Zinberg Sociocultural Anthropology and Alcohol and Drug Research Geoffrey Hunt and Judith Barker Towards a Unified Theory Addiction Is a Brain Disease and It Matters Alan Leshner Drug Dependence A. Thomas McLellan et al A Chronic Mental Illness Alcohol Dependence Griffith Edwards and Milton Gross Provisional Description of a Clinical Syndrome Illicit Drugs and the Rise of Epidemiology during the 1960s Alex Mold A Conceptual Framework for Explaining Drug Addiction Nick Heather Addiction as an Excessive Appetite Jim Orford Becoming a Marijuana User Howard Becker The 'Risk Environment' Tim Rhodes A Framework for Understanding and Reducing Drug-Related Harm The Social Basis of Drug Dependency J. Young The Legacy of 'Normalization' Fiona Measham and Michael Shiner ' The Role of Classical and Contemporary Criminological Theory in Understanding Young People's Drug Use Taking Care of Business Edward Preble and John Casey The Heroin User's Life on the Street The Concept of Alcoholism as a Bad Habit R. Reinert Illegal Lemons P. Reuter and J. Caulkins Price Dispersion in Cocaine and Heroin Market