Inborn or acquired changes in children under three years of age – a review of the literature

This study aimed to discuss some inborn and acquired changes in the oral cavity in young children under three years of age. Based on current literature, eruption cyst, Riga-Fede disease, natal and neonatal teeth, congenital epulis, Epstein pearls, Bohn’s nodules, and gingival cyst of the newborns have been described. The symptoms, clinical presentation, and histological features of these changes, their epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management were taken into consideration to present them accurately. Described oral normal findings and anomalies are not very common, so they require precise diagnosis and management properly. Having relevant knowledge on issues is important both for the pediatricians and pediatric dentists who always cooperate to distinguish the pathology or anomaly and start dealing with it. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review presenting comprehensive and thorough specification of abnormalities occurring in children’s mouth, basing on the most recent scientific literature between 1999 and 2022

The influence of physical effort during a progressive test on calcium concentration in resting mixed saliva

Introduction. Calcium is the most common macro-element in the human body. In addition to its building function it is also involved in a number of other processes, such as homeostasis, contractility of smooth and skeletal muscles or the regulation of blood pH and enzymes. Physical exercise causes a dynamic change in the deposition of calcium in bone. Calcium is present in the oral cavity, the hard tissues of teeth, dental plaque, gingival fluid and saliva. Aim of the study. An assessment of the influence of physical exercise during a progressive test with a measurable work value on the concentration of calcium in resting mixed saliva in athletes. A comparison of calcium concentration in the saliva of athletes before and after exercise with the concentration of calcium in the saliva of people not practising sport. Material and Methods. The study examined 117 men aged 18–26 years (av. 21.2), including 74 athletes (cyclists and students of Physical Education in Wroclaw before and after a progressive exercise test) and 43 men who are not professional sportsmen and who have not performed a progressive test. A marked resting rate of secretion of mixed saliva supernatant was used to determine the calcium concentration of resting mixed saliva. Photometric analysis was performed, using the diagnostic kit Alpha Diagnostic at a wavelength of 630 nm. In statistical analysis the Student’s t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis were used with a P value < 0.05. Results. The mean concentration of calcium before exercise was 3.65 ± 2.51 mg/dl and after exercise 6.20 ± 11.85 mg/dl (difference not significant). The concentration of calcium in the control group had a value of 3.84 ± 2.73 mg/dl and was also not significantly different compared to the athletes. There was a significant decrease in salivary flow rate caused by physical effort from approximately 0.33 ml/min to 0.29 ml/min (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed no significant interdependence between the time and the work performed and the concentration of calcium. Conclusions. 1. Exercise induces a slight increase in the calcium concentration in saliva. 2. Physical activity decreases salivary flow rate

The presence of Helicobacter pylori in oral cavities of patients with leukoplakia and oral lichen planus

Objective Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in men. This gastrointestinal pathogen is closely related to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and the increased risk of gastric cancer. Numerous studies have indicated oral cavities as possible Helicobacter pylori reservoirs. Helicobacter pylori has been detected both in supragingival and subgingival plaques, and also in saliva. In addition, the relationship between lesions of oral mucosa and the presence of H. pylori has been evaluated and described in some studies. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the oral cavity of patients with oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus. Material and Methods The study included 54 patients with oral leukoplakia, 72 with oral lichen planus lesions, and 40 healthy controls. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in oral cavity samples was analyzed using a single-step Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. All patients underwent a periodontal examination and the following clinical parameters were collected: pocket depth, bleeding, and plaque indexes. The periodontal status was assessed using the Offenbacher classification. Results In most patients, pathological lesions were in typical sites on the buccal mucosa (leukoplakia in 88%, and oral lichen planus in 93% of patients). The DNA of the Helicobacter pylori was present in 20% of patients with leukoplakia and 23% of patients with lichen planus. We did not find the DNA of H. pylori in healthy controls. The periodontal status described by periodontal indices was worse in the investigated group than in the control group. Conclusion These findings suggest that the H. pylori presence in oral cavities may be related with leukoplakia and lichen planus oral lesions

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity – a literature review

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative spiral bacterium found in the stomach. The bacterium colonizes the lining of the stomach and duodenum causing chronic inflammation, plus peptic ulcer disease as well as contributing to the development of stomach cancer. Chronic infection with H. pylori is found in approximately 50 per cent of the global population. H. pylori was first isolated about 30 years ago. However, the mechanisms of infection, reinfection, and its transmission routes are still not fully understood. Ambiguous results have also been obtained in studies on the presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity in patients with gastric H. pylori infections. Moreover, there is conflicting information on whether or not the oral cavity may be a significant reservoir of H. pylori. Studies on the prevalence of the bacteria in patients with various oral cavity diseases have also been conducted. No clear views have been articulated in this case, either. The objective of this paper is to present current literature reports concerning the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity

Methods of assessing periodontal tissues healing after periodontal therapy

The start of periodontal wound healing is the aim of periodontal therapy. There are two ways of periodontal healing: regeneration and reparation. Regeneration is defined as the reconstruction of the lost or injured tissues in such a way that their morphology and function are completely restored. In the regeneration of periodontal tissue structural restoration occurs of the gingiva, connective tissue attachment, epithelium junction, root cementum and alveolar bone. Such processes can begin after advanced surgical regenerative periodontal therapy. Nonsurgical treatment leads only to reparation of the tissue without restoration of tooth attachment with the formation of a long junctional epithelium. The easiest and most achievable method for every clinician is to evaluate signs of periodontal inflammation during a periodontal examination. This study aims to present the methods of clinical, radiographic, histological and cytological examination in the assessment of periodontal tissue healing after periodontal therapy. To ensure an effective therapy it is necessary for the clinician to have a good understanding of healing processes after different methods of treatment

Evaluation of Oral Health Status and Oral Care of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD) are common chronic, immunoinflammatory, destructive, and progressive diseases; however, the correlations between those two are not yet widely discussed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the selected demographic and clinical parameters of RA patients and oral health status parameters, on the basis of self-assessment. Materials and Methods. Three hundred patients under treatment were included in the study. Questionnaires were completed by 164 out of 300 patients. Results. A total of 100 females and 64 males took part in the study, with a mean age of 65 ± 11.1 years. In younger patients, the disease activity score (DAS28) was higher, and it was associated with pain or discomfort in the oral cavity and with difficulties in toothbrushing. Discomfort or pain in the oral cavity was to a significant extent associated with the poor gingival state, gingival bleeding, and difficulties in biting or chewing. Conclusions. In RA patients, difficulties in biting or chewing, discomfort or pain in oral cavity, feeling of the presence of movable teeth, and gingival bleeding are indications of periodontal infection. Maintaining awareness of oral health and RA is a key issue in the simultaneous management of proper oral care and RA due to the mutual influence of those two factors

The presence of Helicobacter pylori in oral cavities of patients with leukoplakia and oral lichen planus

ABSTRACT Objective Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in men. This gastrointestinal pathogen is closely related to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and the increased risk of gastric cancer. Numerous studies have indicated oral cavities as possible Helicobacter pylori reservoirs. Helicobacter pylori has been detected both in supragingival and subgingival plaques, and also in saliva. In addition, the relationship between lesions of oral mucosa and the presence of H. pylori has been evaluated and described in some studies. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the oral cavity of patients with oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus. Material and Methods The study included 54 patients with oral leukoplakia, 72 with oral lichen planus lesions, and 40 healthy controls. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in oral cavity samples was analyzed using a single-step Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. All patients underwent a periodontal examination and the following clinical parameters were collected: pocket depth, bleeding, and plaque indexes. The periodontal status was assessed using the Offenbacher classification. Results In most patients, pathological lesions were in typical sites on the buccal mucosa (leukoplakia in 88%, and oral lichen planus in 93% of patients). The DNA of the Helicobacter pylori was present in 20% of patients with leukoplakia and 23% of patients with lichen planus. We did not find the DNA of H. pylori in healthy controls. The periodontal status described by periodontal indices was worse in the investigated group than in the control group. Conclusion These findings suggest that the H. pylori presence in oral cavities may be related with leukoplakia and lichen planus oral lesions

Prevalence and Characteristic of Oral Mucosa Lesions

(1) Background: Oral mucosa lesions (OMLs) are diagnosed worldwide in any population, age or gender, but in varied prevalence. OMLs can be found in each site of the oral mucosa; for some of them, it is characteristic to have a bilateral/symmetrical or unilateral/nonsymmetrical mucosal manifestation. The knowledge about its prevalence in varied populations can be useful from a clinical point of view. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of OMLs in patients attending outpatient dental clinic; (2) Retrospective analysis of 2747 patients’ oral cavity medical charts, who referred to oral pathology outpatient clinic. The type of diagnosed oral lesion, sex and age were evaluated. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant; (3) Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be higher in older than younger patients. In our study, the age median was the highest in patients with xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome, angular cheilitis and oral candidiasis. The youngest median age was observed in patients with aphthae, mucocele and gingival enlargement. The higher OMLs frequency was related with the female gender. (4) It is important for clinicians to be familiar not only with distinctive features, which sometimes may not be clear, but also with linking the occurrence of OMLs with the gender and age