IMPROVED COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN MEDICAL WASTES INCINERATORS FOR RURAL APPLICATIONS

The emergence of sustainable development programmes and the problem associated with continued steady increase in population have increased public awareness and concern for the environment. In particular, the demand for health services has increased to an extent that the health sector produces large quantities of biomedical wastes that can have severe impact on the environment if not properly disposed. Although incineration is not a clean process of disposing these wastes, it is still a preferred method especially when operated at elevated temperatures. The problem in developing countries is that several incinerators either in rural or urban areas operate at low temperatures and are therefore sources of environmental pollution. This paper describes the use of cost effective and appropriate pollution control systems to achieve acceptable combustion conditions. A small rig was designed for conducting tests on the incineration of rural clinical wastes in Botswana. Experimental results showed that if proper combustion conditions are applied to low technology rural clinical waste incinerators, the operating temperatures could increase from around 400 to above 850oC. It was concluded that by increasing the operating temperatures of the current disposal methods and using wet scrubber in rural clinical waste incinerators, the combustion conditions could be improved significantly. African Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2004: 67-7

<B>Implementation of problem based learning in global engineering teams</B>

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International team approach to Project-Oriented Problem-Based Learning in design

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Global Engineering Teams - a programme promoting teamwork in engineering design and manufacturing

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Introduction

The goal of this book is to present the current knowledge regarding energy efficiency implications of mining processes and future research directions. This introductory chapter explains the purpose and motivation for this book, provides highlights of the book, provides strategies that a reader can use to read the book, and identifies the key unanswered questions that require further research. It is my hope that this book will be a valuable resource for industry professionals and researchers and stimulate further discussions on energy efficiency in mining

Other Nematode Effectors and Evolutionary Constraints

International audienceLike microbial pathogens, nematodes secrete a repertoire of effectors with diverse functions. In the case of sedentary nematodes, completion of the life cycle requires the maintenance of the biotrophic interaction for several weeks and the induction of a permanent feeding site. These essential processes require fine tuning of plant cell responses. About a hundred candidate effectors have been isolated from nematodes to date that have roles in the invasion of host tissues, evasion of plant defences, suppression of plant defences or manipulation of plant cell fate. Evolutionary studies suggest that several distinct mechanisms have led to the acquisition of these effectors during the evolution of plant parasitism. In addition, since any compound secreted by the parasite can potentially be perceived as nonself by the plant, nematode effectors are subject to selective pressure to escape plant immunity. This chapter reviews the latest findings on nematode effector functions and evolutionary traits