Expert consensus document:Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA)

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted

Chandra\textit{Chandra} X-ray observations of the hyper-luminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307+3252

Hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) lie at the extreme luminosity end of the IR galaxy population with $L_{IR}$ > 10$^{13}$ L$_\odot$. They are thought to be closer counterparts of the more distant sub-millimeter galaxies, and should therefore be optimal targets to study the most massive systems in formation. We present deep $\textit{Chandra}$ observations of IRAS F15307+3252 (100 ks), a classical HyLIRG located at $z$=0.93 and hosting a radio-loud AGN ($L_{1.4 GHz}$ ~3.5 × 10$^{25}$ W Hz$^{−1}$). The $\textit{Chandra}$ images reveal the presence of extended ($r$ = 160 kpc), asymmetric X-ray emission in the soft 0.3–2.0 keV band that has no radio counterpart. We therefore argue that the emission is of thermal origin originating from a hot intragroup or intracluster medium virializing in the potential. We find that the temperature (~2 keV) and bolometric X-ray luminosity (~3 × 10$^{43}$ erg s$^{−1}$) of the gas follow the expected $L_{X-ray}$–$T$ correlation for groups and clusters, and that the gas has a remarkably short cooling time of 1.2 Gyr. In addition, VLA radio observations reveal that the galaxy hosts an unresolved compact steep-spectrum (CSS) source, most likely indicating the presence of a young radio source similar to 3C186. We also confirm that the nucleus is dominated by a redshifted 6.4 keV Fe K$\alpha$ line, strongly suggesting that the AGN is Compton-thick. Finally, $\textit{Hubble}$ images reveal an overdensity of galaxies and sub-structure in the galaxy that correlates with soft X-ray emission. This could be a snapshot view of on-going groupings expected in a growing cluster environment. IRAS F15307+3252 might therefore be a rare example of a group in the process of transforming into a cluster.JHL is supported by NSERC through the discovery grant and Canada Research Chair programmes, as well as FRQNT. KI acknowledges support by the Spanish MINECO under grant AYA2013-47447-C3-2-P and MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia ‘Mar´ıa de Maeztu’). PG is supported by STFC (grant reference ST/J003697/2) and ACF is supported by ERC Advanced grant 340442. Some of the data used in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Support for MAST for non-HST data is provided by the NASA Of- fice of Space Science via grant NNX09AF08G and by other grants and contract