An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Preparation of Acylals from Aldehydes Catalyzed by Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O]

Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O] is an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild catalyst for the preparation of acylals from aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes with acetic anhydride at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. This method gives remarkable advantages such as excellent chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times and excellent yields, and offers a green synthetic solution by avoiding toxic catalysts and hazardous solvents.Keywords: Alum, acylals, aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes, solvent-free synthesis, room temperatur

Alum-promoted Synthesis of 1,8-Dioxo-octahydroxanthenes in Water

A new and efficient method to synthesize a 3,3,6,6,9-aryl-1,8-dioxo octahydroxanthene derivative using alum as catalyst was performed in aqueous media. This method has several advantages such as environmental friendliness, high yields and simple workup procedure.Keywords: Alum, Aqueous Media, 3,3,6,6,9-aryl-1,8-dioxo octahydroxanthene, Condensation Reactio

Alum an Efficient Catalyst for Erlenmeyer Synthesis

Anew and efficient method to synthesize azlactone derivatives using alum as catalyst was performedin the absence of additional solvent. This method is environmentally friendly and affords the product azlactones in high yields after simple workup.Keywords: Alum, Solvent Free, Azlactone, Erlenmeyer Reaction, Condensation Reactio

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Effects on Soil-Plant System Properties

The use of non-conventional water resources can help to mitigate water stress and can support the agricultural sector. Treated municipal wastewater is one of the most readily available alternative water resources and its use in ag-riculture has been adopted to reduce fresh water usage in several countries, under their respective water quality regulations. This chapter reviews the re-sults of past and current research on the reuse of treated wastewater (munici-pal and agro-industrial) for irrigation and the corresponding effects on soil and plant systems. Particular attention has been given to research efforts high-lighting the effects of chemical-physical wastewater characteristics (e.g., ni-trogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and heavy metals) and the corre-sponding microbiological indicators (e.g., Escherichia coli and Salmonella) on irrigated crops and soils. The selection of irrigation methods is another topic discussed in this chapter. Drip and subsurface irrigation methods are considered the more suitable irrigation techniques to be used with treated wastewater; they minimise toxicity hazards for plants, reduce the contamina-tion of edible crop products, and mitigate human health risks by minimising direct contact between wastewater and plant