Foam-Mat Freeze-Drying of Blueberry Juice by Using Trehalose-β-Lactoglobulin and Trehalose-Bovine Serum Albumin as Matrices

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pure protein compounds and trehalose incorporated into blueberry juice for foam-mat freeze-drying on the foam and powder properties. Foam-mat freeze-drying (FMFD) of blueberry juice was tested at − 55 °C for 24 h. Matrices used were trehalose + β-lactoglobulin (T3BL1) and trehalose + bovine serum albumin (T3A1) and compared with maltodextrin + whey protein isolate (M3W1). Physicochemical properties of foam and powder, e.g., foam stability, foam density, moisture, rehydration time, color, particle morphology, total phenolic, and anthocyanins (total and individuals), were investigated. T3BL1 and T3A1 had more stable foam than M3W1. However, overrun of T3BL1 and T3A1 foamed were inferior to the M3W1 sample. The M3W1 sample recovered 79% powder (dry weight) and was superior to others. Rehydration time of powdered T3BL1 and T3A1, with bulk densities of 0.55–0.60 g cm−3, was the fastest (34–36 s). The blueberry powders of M3W1 showed more irregular particle size and shape, while the samples with trehalose and pure proteins generated particles of more uniform size with obvious pores. T3BL1 and T3A1 showed less redness (a*) values than the M3W1 product. All samples were considered pure red due to hue values < 90. M3W1 was superior in total phenolic content (TPC) and total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) compared with both samples made with trehalose + β-lactoglobulin and trehalose+bovine serum albumin. Delphinidin-3-glucoside (Del3Gl) concentration was found to be higher in M3W1. Also, M3W1 had higher cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cyn3Gl) and malvidin-3-glucoside (Mal3Gl) concentration. M3W1 also prevented the degradation of these bioactive compounds better than the other FMFD samples. The use of pure proteins and trehalose as matrices in the FMFD process had little advantage compared with maltodextrin/whey protein isolate. Thus, maltodextrin/whey protein isolate seems an ideal matrix for the manufacture of FMFD blueberry

Pengaruh Pendekatan Pembelajaran Contextual Teaching And Learning (CTL) terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Konsep Struktur dan Fungsi Bagian Tumbuhan Kelas IV SD

Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pra-eksperimen bentuk Pre Test Post Test Design yaitu sebuah eksperimen yang dalam pelaksanaannya hanya melibatkan satu kelas sebagai kelas eksperimen tanpa adanya kelas pembanding (kelas kontrol) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Pendekatan Pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Konsep Struktur dan Fungsi Bagian Tumbuhan di Kelas IV SD Inpres Minasa Upa 1 Kota Makassar tahun ajaran 2016/2017. Satuan eksperimen dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas IV sebanyak 30 orang. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 5 kali pertemuan. Keberhasilan proses pembelajaran ditinjau dari  aspek, yaitu: ketercapaian ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa secara klasikal, aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran. Pembelajaran dikatakan berhasil jika aspek di atas terpenuhi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah data hasil belajar siswa yang dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes hasil belajar, data tentang aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan lembar observasi aktivitas belajar siswa. Hasil analisis statistik deskriptif terhadap Pengaruh Pendekatan Pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Konsep Struktur dan Fungsi Bagian Tumbuhan ini menunjukkkan hasil belajar yang lebih baik dari pada sebelum menggunakan pendekatan CTL. Hasil analisis statistik inferensial menggunakan rumus uji t, diketahui bahwa nilai t Hitung yang diperoleh adalah 7,75 dengan frekuensi dk = 30 –1 = 29, pada taraf signifikansi 50% diperoleh t Tabel = 2,04. Jadi, t Hitung t tabel atau  hipotesis alternative (H1) diterima. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pendekatan CTL berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar konsep struktur dan fungsi bagian tumbuhan. Kata kunci: Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL

Mechanical properties and water vapour permeability of hydrolysed collagen-cocoa butter edible films plasticised with sucrose

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The aim of this study was to develop and characterise edible films produced from hydrolysed collagen and cocoa butter and plasticised with sucrose. The mechanical properties, water vapour permeability, opacity and morphology of the films were characterised. The film composition that yielded the best results was used to produce a coating for application in chocolate panned products. A water-based coating with desirable barrier properties that could replace shellac is important for the environment as well as health, and also because chocolate products have great appeal among children. The films obtained were easily manageable and flexible. Sucrose reduced tensile strength (TS), while hydrolysed collagen at concentrations above 15% increased it. Cocoa butter resulted in less-resistant films. The elongation at break values (EAB%) were higher for films containing higher sucrose concentrations. The water vapour permeability (WVP) ranged from 0.32 to 0.63 g mm m(-2) h(-1) kPa(-1). For the same concentration of cocoa butter, the WVP was directly affected by the thickness of the film, i.e., the greater the thickness, the higher the WVP. Cocoa butter increased film opacity, while sucrose decreased it, particularly at concentrations above 17.5%. High concentrations of hydrolysed collagen produced films with more homogeneous surfaces. The brightness of the product with the coating developed in this study was attractive; however the brightness of the product with shellac was considered more intense. The properties of these films indicate that they are promising systems for coating chocolate panned products. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.302625631Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a novel second messenger involved in cell growth regulation and signal transduction, affects growth and invasiveness of human breast cancer cells

This review will focus on the role of sphingosine and its phosphorylated derivative sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) in cell growth regulation and signal transduction. We will show that many of the effects attributed to sphingosine in quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts are mediated via its conversion to SPP. We propose that SPP has appropriate properties to function as an intracellular second messenger based on the following: it elicits diverse cellular responses; it is rapidly produced from sphingosine by a specific kinase and rapidly degraded by a specific lyase; its concentration is low in quiescent cells but increases rapidly and transiently in response to the growth factors, fetal calf serum (FCS) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF); it releases Ca2+ from internal sources in an InsP3-independent manner; and finally, it may link sphingolipid signaling pathways to cellular ras-mediated signaling pathways by elevating phosphatidic acid levels. The effects of this novel second messenger on growth, differentiation and invasion of human breast cancer cells will be discussed. © 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers