Trainability of junior Rugby Union players

Growing interest in producing expert performance, and increasing sport participation, has led to a number of models being proposed for optimal sporting development. Using physical or psychological developmental milestones as guidelines, these models in sport were aimed primarily at identifying key stages during childhood and adolescence, and to optimise training adaptation for the child to reach his/her full sporting potential. Taking into consideration the long-term developmental models, and the requirements to succeed in rugby, this review aims to prescribe the trainability of junior rugby players using a scientifically evidence-based long-term player development approach. As there have been several recent and comprehensive reviews of the literature on trainability during childhood and adolescence, the aim of this paper is to resynthesise the material and apply it to rugby. Although athlete developmental models suggest that the appropriate application of training stimulus during specific periods in childhood and adolescence will influence athletic potential, recent available literature contends that this concept is inconclusive and requires further investigation

Attitudes and behaviours of top-level junior rugby union coaches towards the coaching of proper contact technique in the tackle - a pilot study

Background. Coaching strategies for effective technique and injury prevention have been proposed for the tackle. Despite this, little is known about current coaching attitudes and the behaviours of coaches towards proper contact technique in the tackle, especially at the junior level. Objective. To report on the attitudes and behaviours of junior rugby union coaches towards coaching of proper contact technique in the tackle. Methods. Seven coaches of the top 8 rugby-playing schools (Premier Division) in the Western Province Rugby Union participated in the study (representing 88% of the entire population of top-level junior coaches in the region). Coaches completed a questionnaire, modelled on previous research, surveying attitudes and behaviours towards tackling. Results. Proper technique for injury prevention was rated as very important (57%) and important (29%), with 14% undecided. Proper technique to improve performance was rated as very important (57%) and important (43%). To further develop coaching knowledge and to develop new training methods, ‘coaching colleagues’ (very much – 71%; mean rating 4.7; 95% CI 4.3 - 5.2) was rated as the most often used. Conclusion. Collectively, the coaches in this study demonstrated a positive attitude towards injury prevention and performance. Additional means of communicating information to coaches, other than the traditional channels, have also been highlighted here

The velocity of ball-carriers and tacklers during shoulder tackles

The most frequently executed type of tackle in rugby is the shoulder tackle. A shoulder tackle occurs when the tackler uses either shoulder as the first point of contact with the ball carrier. The aim of this study was to compare the velocity of the ball-carrier and tackler engaged in shoulder tackles, and determine whether factors such as the number of passes from the previous phase, match period, quality of attack, match location and position of tackler had an effect on the mean and approaching velocities of the ball-carrier and tackler. The velocity of the ball-carrier and tackler during shoulder tackles (n=12) were determined using a 2D analysis tool. The tackles were also coded according to pass number, match period, quality of defence and attack, match status, defensive shape and movement, position of tackler and ball-carrier. The ball-carrier's velocity (4.10±1.85m.s-1) when entering contact was significantly higher than the tackler's velocity (5.19±3.22 m.s–1)(p<0.05). The ball-carrier's velocity was significantly higher when entering contact further from the set piece (p<0.001), when playing away from home (p<0.001) and when ranked in the top three (p<0.001). The findings of this study provide insight into the complexities of the tackle in rugby

The specialist breast care nurse\u27s role in the indentification and minimisation of distress in a members\u27 only, breast cancer focused online support community

Objectives: To show how a specialist breast care nurse (SBCN) can use the distress thermometer to determine an online community member’s distress level and then use the information in their posts and blogs to identify the cause(s) and deal with them appropriately. To highlight the use of a structured written emotional expression (SWEE) format online, as a way of minimising distress. Method: A survey of online community members together with analysis of the content of members’ posts and blogs to determine whether their distress thermometer score had decreased since the SBCN had been online to deal with member distress. Results: The survey showed that four of the survey participants who completed the survey N=30 had completed a SWEE, been personal messaged by the SBCN about their distress thermometer score and declared that the information and advice they received had been instrumental in decreasing their distress score. It was not possible to identify whether a SWEE made any difference to the Distress Score. Conclusion : The SBCN can use the Distress Thermometer tool online to screen for member distress and deal with this distress through information, advice and support or referral to another health professional. A DT scores should be repeated before and after each of the breast cancer treatment stages so that appropriate interventions can be put in place to minimise or prevent the member’s distress. Specialist nurses in other specialised nursing areas can use the distress thermometer to measure and address the problems/issues causing support community members distress. That the content of a SWEE is one way in which members can document and vent about the problems causing their distress and this information can be used by the nurse to put in place appropriate solution or provide advice and support

Munchausen by Internet and nursing practice : An ethnonetnographic case study

This paper used Feldman’s clues to factitious illness behavior on the Internet (FIBI), to determine whether the online behaviour of one member of an online breast cancer support community www. breastcancerclick.com , moderated by a specialist breast cancer nurse (SBCN), could be Munchausen by Internet (MBI) and why identification of this behaviour is important for online nursing practice. This was a focused ethnonetnographic and qualitative research study whereby the online behaviour of one member was observed and compared with Feldman’s clues to factitious behaviour on the Internet. The online data showed that nine out of ten of Feldman’s clues were applicable to the member’s behavior in the Click online community. The relevance of these findings are discussed in relation to the effects this behaviour can have on other community members, the attendant legal ramifications and the necessity for nurses and other health professionals, who are employed or who participate in online support communities, to be aware of this behaviour and how to recognize it

The relationships between rugby players’ tackle training attitudes and behaviour and their match tackle attitudes and behaviour

Background The tackle event in rugby is a technical and physical contest between opposing players. A player's ability to tolerate and contest during a tackle is a prerequisite for safe participation and success in rugby. Little is known about the relationship between tackle training and tackling in matches in rugby union. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between players’ training attitudes and behaviour and their match attitudes and behaviour for tackling in rugby union. Method A questionnaire was designed to assess attitude (importance) and behaviours (frequency and quantity) among junior (under 19) players on a 5-point Likert Scale. Questionnaires were handed out to 220 players (10 schools) at a tournament and 75% (9 schools, n=164) were returned for analysis. Associations between training attitudes and behaviours were tested using the χ2 test, Cramer's V and τ-b. Results The more time spent on emphasising proper technique to prevent injuries in training, the more important players rated ‘own safety’ (τ-b=0.21, moderate, z=3.1, p<0.01), ‘going for the ball only’ (τ-b=0.27, moderate, z=4.6, p<0.001) and ‘staying on feet’ (τ-b=0.23, moderate, z=3.6, p<0.001) in match play. The more time spent on emphasising proper technique to improve performance in training, the more important players rated actions ‘going for ball only’ (τ-b=0.23, moderate, z=3.7, p<0.001) and ‘preventing the ball carrier from retaining position’ (τ-b=0.20, moderate, z=3.1, p<0.01) in match play. Conclusions This is the first study to report on the relationships between players’ training attitudes and behaviour and their match attitudes and behaviours for tackling in rugby union. The importance of tackle training to prevent injury, and the amount of time spent on technique to prevent injuries, was associated with behaviours that reduce the risk of injury in matches

A Web tool for Geographic Information Systems

Geographic information system (GIS) users are growing in numbers everyday. The need for GIS systems is on an increase. This requires that information be made available on a large scale. This is a major problem that many GIS users are faced with. They require a tool that will allow them to supply the dataset and rapidly generate a resulting geographic web map that will be accessible by virtually anyone. Having been approached by the Marine & Coastal Management (MCM) services of Western Cape as well as the Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC) with this exact dilemma, we felt that their was a real need to develop a system that could help these GIS users. In essence, the system provides: • Useful and informative interactive mapping capabilities • A tool to dynamically generate these maps which can then be placed on the web for easy access The maps need to provide basic browsing capabilities, such as zooming, panning and layering various themes for display. Ideally it should provide added functionality, such as providing unique symbols for various features on the map. G-WIS, short for Geographic Web-tool Information System, is a tool that allows users to extract and publish these geographic web maps with relative ease. G-WIS is a stand-alone tool that is based on solid interface design methods. It allows a user to define a dataset that can be used to generate a web page, which embeds a Java Applet that reads the data and maps this in the form of a geographical map. The key findings that were found after testing the G-WIS application are: 1. Supports long term and efficient management of data. 2. Promotes rapid generation of web maps. 3. Implements an “attractive and easy to use” interface. 4. Further development or improvements can be due to the use of XML. 5. Has the ability to solve real world problems. 6. Is cost effective. Generating web maps with G-WIS is easy, fast and cost effective. After testing the interactive maps, it was found that: 1. The maps were easy to use 2. It provided the basic needs for web mapping. 3. It was informative and useful Implementing the maps using GeoTools caused a huge setback in the progress of the project, since GeoTools is poorly documented and only a few experts exist. Advanced functionality was thus not provided. Even though the maps only provided the basic functionality, it met the needs for functional interactive web map browsing

Measuring the stability of fundamental constants with a network of clocks

The detection of variations of fundamental constants of the Standard Model would provide us with compelling evidence of new physics, and could lift the veil on the nature of dark matter and dark energy. In this work, we discuss how a network of atomic and molecular clocks can be used to look for such variations with unprecedented sensitivity over a wide range of time scales. This is precisely the goal of the recently launched QSNET project: A network of clocks for measuring the stability of fundamental constants. QSNET will include state-of-the-art atomic clocks, but will also develop next-generation molecular and highly charged ion clocks with enhanced sensitivity to variations of fundamental constants. We describe the technological and scientific aims of QSNET and evaluate its expected performance. We show that in the range of parameters probed by QSNET, either we will discover new physics, or we will impose new constraints on violations of fundamental symmetries and a range of theories beyond the Standard Model, including dark matter and dark energy models