The impacts of wall-building politics on international tourism flows: The case of Hungary

Historical evidence suggests that economic differences between populations induce ethnic tensions and national rivalry which, in turn, trigger mass migrations. The building of walls for protection of citizens from such external threats has been a common political choice, specifically that of great empires. In modern Western societies, built upon democratic principles, however, wall-building politics to shut down the mass influx of refugees from conflict regions is in fundamental contrast with the unalienable human rights of free movement and non-refoulement. In 2015, global forced displacement of people hit the highest record since the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) records began, with a total of 65.3 million people displaced from their homes by conflict and persecution (UNHCR, 2016). At the same time, the definition of refugee has changed from being victims to a problem or threat that must be solved by – often less altruistic – government intervention (Peters&Besley 2015; Poku&Graham, 1998). With reference to the actual case of president-elect Donald Trump’s executive order to erect a wall on the US-Mexican border, the present paper addresses this issue by investigating and comparing the legal background of recently built walls around Europe. In the first instance, European and national laws will be compared in order to understand the legal base of these initiatives (Hungary, Austria, Britain-funded Calais in France, Norway and Turkey), as well as the potentially underlying ethnic and religious motivations. Second, in order to understand the impacts on international tourism flows, the case of Hungary will be used. The national laws applied on the justification of the 175 km-long safety border lock on the Hungarian-Croatian border will be identified and the related changes in tourism flows in 2015-2016 will be analysed

The Contemptible Ethnic Profiling at the UK Airports of Muslim and Ethnic Minority Travellers

Ethnic profiling at the airport is deliberately racist. Ethnic profiling makes generalizations about entire communities. In criminal cases the Supreme Court has condemned ethnic profiling against African-Americans for a long time, because of its injustice. If ethnic profiling were used again in this way, there would be uproar. However, \u27Islamaphobia\u27 is still a socially acceptable form of racism. When one considers the number of Muslims or ethnic Middle Easterners and South-East Asians in proportion to the number of terrorists, one sees that this fear is founded on a few cases. The State should not allow institutionalized bigotry based on little evidence. The fact that other security measures have failed does not suggest that this one will succeed. Perhaps it proves that no security measures are entirely effective. Despite anomalies, the majority of terrorist organizations threatening us today are based on a form of Islamic ideology that is mostly prevalent in the Middle East and South-East Asia. Profiling is based on a reasoned assumption that it is people within these organizations, situated in these countries, who are the most likely suspects of terrorism. The purpose of this study is to examine ethnic profiling being used at the airports against Muslims or ethnic Middle Easterners and South-East Asians people. How that has impacted on religious tourists visiting scared sites around the world. The study will analyse the data how racial profiling works, the evidence shows many terrorists come from Europe or from within the United States, who don\u27t fit the profile. The study will develop framework how to avoid harassment and bigotry can be prevented with a system of accountability and proper supervision. Security personnel needs to be trained specifically for the role, so that they know what behavioural signs to look out for and learn to use ethnic profiling sensitively

Culture of Chlorella ellipsoidea in different culture media

An experiment of algal culture was conducted in natural light and temperature conditions at a balcony of a room at the 2nd floor of Fisheries Faculty Building facing the north. The experiment was done to evaluate the growth of Chlorella ellipsoidea in four different media, viz, medium I (inorganic), medium II (organic, whole pulse powder extract), medium III (organic, whole lentil powder extract) and medium IV (organic, whole gram powder extract) under natural environment conditions during January-June, 2015. Growth rates of the algal species in four different media were found not significantly different. The alga, C. ellipsoidea attained maximum cell density of 28.89×106 cell ml-1 in the 15th day in medium I, of 30.69×106 cell ml-1 in the 13th day in medium II, of 26.18×106 cell ml-1 in the 15th day in medium III and of 21.12×106 cell ml-1 in the 13th day in medium IV. The ranges of air temperature, water temperature and light intensity were 21°C to 38°C, 23°C to 36°C and 2.28×103to 9.60×103 Lux respectively during the culture period. The average sunshine period was 5.87±2.82 hrs. Total alkalinity, free CO2, pH , NO3-N and PO4-P of algal culture media I, II, III and IV were 128, 540, 554 and 322 mgL-1; 32, 162, 102, 70 mgL-1; 7.4, 8, 7.9 and 7.9; 180, 36.6, 62.4 and 150 mgL-1, and 25.2, 48.2, 42.4 and 45.6 mgL-1, respectively. According to ANOVA of cell densities of cultures of C. ellipsoidea under treatments are not significantly different (F=1.441077). It is clear that differences between them are not significant i.e. mean algal cell densities are more or less same as differences between treatments are less than 20%.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (1): 51-57, June, 201

Histopathological and environmental effects of the insecticide, sumithion on the fish, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in pond condition

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the effects of organophosphate insecticide, sumithion on water quality parameters, density of plankton population and histological changes of kidney and liver of the fish, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in aquaculture ponds during July to December 2016. The experiment was conducted with four treatments, each with two replications. Treatment T0 was used as control (no sumithion) and other three treatments with 0.025 ppm (T1), 0.050 ppm (T2) and 0.100 ppm sumithion (T3). The water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, NO3-N and PO4-P fluctuated significantly under four treatments during the experimental period but they were not affected by sumithion application. The phytoplankton densities (×105 cells L-1) was not affected by sumithion. Six genera of phytoplankton populations were found in the experimental ponds. On the other hand, zooplankton population densities (×103 cells L-1) were significantly reduced with increasing doses of sumithion (T2 and T3) in comparison with that of control (T0). Histological changes of kidney were observed after application of sumithion. The renal corpuscle, collecting duct, hematopoietic cells and other cells of the kidney in control (T0) were normal and systematically arranged. Abnormal collecting duct, Intra-cellular space, degenerated renal corpuscle, irregular shaped blood vessel, ruptured membrane large vacuole and necrosis were found in T1, T2 and T3.Normal structure of liver cells such as hepato-pancreas, hepatic cell and blood vessel were observed in T0 (control). Sumithion exposed liver sections showed rupturedhepato-pancreas, necrosis, hemorrhage, intra-cellular space, degenerated hepatopancreas and large vacuole were found in T1, T2 and T3. Therefore, it reveals that sumithion has adverse effects on kidney and liver of the test fish. So, sumithion should not be used indiscriminately in agriculture and aquaculture practices. It may be concluded from the research finding that dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, PO4-P, NO3-N, phytoplankton and zooplankton values under treatment, T0, are significantly different from treatments T1, T2, and T3 in most cases. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 9 (1): 84-95, June, 201

Effects of population density on growth and production of Tilapia in monoculture

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of population density on growth and production of Tilapia (monosex GIFT tilapia) in monoculture system for a period of 110 days. The experiment was carried out in six earthen ponds, which were situated in the Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus, Mymensingh. The experiment was carried out under three treatments each with two replications. Fish population density was 200 fish per decimal under treatment-I, 400 fish per decimal under treatment-II and 600 fish per decimal under treatment-III. In the ponds supplementary feed of wheat bran and rice bran mixture were used daily at the rate of 46 g, 92 g and 136 g per decimal under treatment-I, II, and III, respectively. The average initial length and weight of tilapia were 4.63 cm and 2.82 g respectively. The ponds were fertilized fortnightly with urea and TSP at the rates of 60 g and 90 g, respectively. During experimental period, the ranges of water temperature (25.82 to 29.80 ºC), transparency (28.00 to 38.00 cm), dissolved oxygen (5.50 to 8.30 mg/L), pH (7.00 to 7.90), total alkalinity (130.00 to 200.00 mg/L), free CO2 (2.00 to 6.00 mg/L), phosphate-phosphorus (1.20 to 2.30 mg/L), and nitrate-nitrogen (3.20 to 4.00 mg/L) were within the productive range and more or less similar in all the ponds under three treatments. There were 25 genera of phytoplankton under five major groups and 10 genera of zooplankton under three major groups in the experimental ponds. Mean survival rate of fish under treatment-I, treatment-II, and treatment-III were 82.75%, 77.12% and 74.33% respectively. The calculated net fish production under treatment-I was 6.75 ton/ha/yr and that of the ponds under treatment-II was 10.26 ton/ha/yr and that of the ponds under treatment-III was 12.15 ton/ha/yr. The net fish production under treatment-II and treatment-III were 152% and 180% higher than that of treatment-I, taking net fish production under treatment-I for 100%. According to profit-cost analysis, the ratios of net profit under treatments I, II, and III were 1:0.44, 1:0.27, and 1:0.09. According to specific growth rate and survival, treatment-I is the best, and according to profit-cost analysis treatment-I (ratio 1:0.44) also the best. So, the population density of 200 fish per decimal (under treatment-I) might be considered the best among the three treatments.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (2): 49-56, December, 201

Effects of different amounts of organic fertilizers on growth and production of tilapia in monoculture

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different amounts of organic fertilizers on growth and production of Tilapia (monosex GIFT tilapia) in monoculture system for a period of 120 days. The experiment was carried out in six earthen ponds, which were situated at the south-east corner of the Fisheries Faculty Building under the Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experiment was designed with three treatments and each of them consisted of two replications. Fish population density was 120 fish per decimal for all the treatments. Ponds were treated with organic fertilizers (cow dung) at the rate of 2 kg, 4 kg and 6 kg per decimal were supplied fortnightly for treatment-I, treatment-II and treatment-III, respectively. The ranges of water temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, free CO2, phosphate-phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen found were 15.82 to 24.49 ºC, 17.00 to 32.00 cm, 7.00 to 10.30 mg L-1, pH 7.20 to 7.90, 140.00 to 192.00 mg L-1, 2.00 to 6.00 mg L-1, 1.40 to 1.95 mg L-1 and 3.30 to 3.73 mg L-1, respectively. All the physical and chemical parameters except temperature were within the productive range and more or less similar among all the ponds under three treatments. 18 genera of phytoplankton under five major groups and 9 genera of zooplankton under three major groups were identified in the experimental ponds. Average survival rate of fish under treatment-I, treatment-II, and treatment-III were 94.50%, 94.00% and 95.00%, respectively. The calculated net fish production under treatment-I was 3.554 ton ha-1 yr-1 and that under treatment-II was 3.648 ton ha-1 yr-1 and under treatment-III was 2.919 ton ha-1 yr-1. The net fish productions under treatment-II and treatment-III were 102.64% and 82.13% comparing with treatment on which was taken for 100%. According to cost-benefit analysis, the ratios of net profit under treatments I, II, and III were 1:0.81, 1:0.54, and 1:0.04. According to specific growth rate, treatment-II was the best and survival rate of treatment-III was the best, and according to cost-benefit analysis, treatment-I (ratio 1:0.81) was the best. So, organic fertilizer at the rate of 2 kg per decimal (treatment-I) was considered the best among three treatments in this experiment. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (2): 24-31, December, 201

Effects of organophosphate insecticide, sumithion on histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the natural pond condition

Sumithion is an organophosphorus insecticide, which is widely used in aquaculture ponds for eradication of aquatic insect (mainly tiger bug) prior to release of larvae. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an organophosphorus pesticide, sumithion on histoarchitecture of liver and kidney in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during the period from July to December 2016. It was carried out with four treatments, each with two replications. i.e., ponds with no sumithion (T0), with 0.025ppm sumithion (T1), 0.050 ppm sumithion (T2) and 0.100 ppm sumithion (T3). The water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, free CO2, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) were not affected by sub lethal doses of sumithion but the values were fluctuated significantly in most of the cases between the ponds throughout the study period. In case of histoarchitecture of liver and kidney, normal structure of liver and kidney cells were observed in the controlled and treated fish. Through the histological analysis of liver, small vacuole, enlarge lumen space of hepatopancreas and disrupted hepatopancreas were found in T1. Disrupted hepatopancreas, increasement intracellular space, regeneration of hepatic cell and hemorrhage were observed in T2. Moreover, enlarge lumen space of hepatopancreas, degenerated hepatic cell, disrupted hepatopancreas were observed in T3. After the histological analysis of kidney, degenerated renal corpuscle, enlargement of blood vessel, disrupted hematopoetic cell were observed in T1. Ruptured collecting duct, large vacuole, enlarge intracellular space were observed in T2. Furthermore, enlarge bowman’s space, degenerated hematopoetic cell hemorrhage and ruptured distal tubule disrupted, enlarge intracellular space and necrosis were observed in T3. The present investigation sufficiently emphasizes that sumithion has adverse effects on the major organs like liver and kidney. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 66-75, December 202

Studies on genetic variability and interrelationship in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl]

The genetic parameters were studied to elucidate the genetic variability, correlation and path co-efficient analysis in thirty-nine genotypes of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl] in randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were recorded for eleven quantitative characters viz., days to first male flower open, days to first female flower open, node number of first female flower, braches plant-1, days to harvest, number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth, 100 seed weight and yield ton ha-1. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the characters studied indicating considerable variability among the genotypes. The highest GCV (35.57%) and PCV (35.62%) were observed for fruit length. The differences between GCV and PCV were high for fruit number plant-1 and days to first male flower open indicating environmental influences. High heritability associates with high estimates of genetic advance in percent of mean were noted for length of fruit, yield, girth of fruit and number of fruits plant-1. It indicated presence of additive gene effect and selection for these traits would be effective. Yield were positively and significantly correlated with fruit weight, 100 seed weight, branch plant-1 and number of fruits plant-1 .Negative associations of yield were noted with days to first male and female flower open, days to harvest and length of fruit. Path analysis revealed that fruits plant-1 (0.93) and weight of fruit (0.467) had very high positive effect on fruit yield ton ha-1 .Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 14-17, June, 201

Impacts of cyclone and flood on crop and fish production in disaster prone coastal Bhola district of Bangladesh

This study assessed the impact of climate change induced disaster on crops and fisheries production at Bhola Sadar and Monpura upazila of Bhola district, Bangladesh during January to June 2018. The study was gathered primary data from primary observation (PO), questionnaire survey (QS), focus group discussion (FGD), and key informant interview (KII). Secondary data were collected from Upazila Agricultural Office and Upazila Fisheries Office of Bhola Sadar and Manpura upazila and moreover, climatic data were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department. Results of the study found that trend analysis indicates overall annual maximum temperature increased for Kharif-I, Kharif-II and Rabi season. Average annual minimum temperature also increased for Kharif-I season but decreased for Kharif-II and Rabi season. Study also found that for all cropping season average relative humidity was increased. Annual average rainfall exhibited decreasing trend for Kharif-I and Rabi season but increased for Kharif-II season in (1990-2019) time period. The Aus, T. Aman, Boro and Mung bean was dominant cropping pattern in Kharif-I, Kharif- II and Rabi season in Bhola district. Overall, Aus rice production in Kharif-I season increased but in 2009, 2013 production was decreased because of cyclone Aila (2009) and Cyclone Mahasen (2013). T. Aman production hampered due to Cyclone Sidr (2007) and flood (2014) in Kharif-II season. In Rabi season Boro rice production lessen because of low rainfall and salinity intrusion. Overall, Mung bean production increase but in 2008 and 2009 production become hampered due to late cultivation because of Cyclone Sidr (2007). Fish production rate increase in Bhola specially Hilsha fish because of non-climatic factor like raid in non-fishing time, banned current net but fish production in pond become diminished due to infrequent natural disaster. Practicing of salt and flood tolerant varieties, floating bed vegetable cultivation, and mixed cropping system (mainly for Rabi season), enhanced expedition activities against catching mother Ilish in prohibition period, dredging in the heart of the river which can eventually reduce vulnerabilities and increase crop and fish production in the Bhola region. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 40-55, June 202

In vitro propagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert in Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted on in vitro culture of Stevia rebaudiana Bert, an important non-caloric sweetening herb to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Leaf, nodal and inter-nodal segments of the selected herb as explant were cultured on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Inter-nodal segments initiated callus earlier than node and leaf. The highest amount of callus was found in MS medium with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D and MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2,4-D gave the poorest callu