Children reading to dogs: a systematic review of the literature

Background Despite growing interest in the value of human-animal interactions (HAI) to human mental and physical health the quality of the evidence on which postulated benefits from animals to human psychological health are based is often unclear. To date there exist no systematic reviews on the effects of HAI in educational settings specifically focussing on the perceived benefits to children of reading to dogs. With rising popularity and implementation of these programmes in schools, it is essential that the evidence base exploring the pedagogic value of these initiatives is well documented. Methods Using PRISMA guidelines we systematically investigated the literature reporting the pedagogic effects of reading to dogs. Because research in this area is in the early stages of scientific enquiry we adopted broad inclusion criteria, accepting all reports which discussed measurable effects related to the topic that were written in English. Multiple online databases were searched during January-March 2015; grey literature searches were also conducted. The search results which met the inclusion criteria were evaluated, and discussed, in relation to the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine levels of evidence; 27 papers were classified as Level 5, 13 as Level 4, 7 as Level 2c and 1 as Level 2b. Conclusion The evidence suggests that reading to a dog may have a beneficial effect on a number of behavioural processes which contribute to a positive effect on the environment in which reading is practiced, leading to improved reading performance. However, the evidence base on which these inferences are made is of low quality. There is a clear need for the use of higher quality research methodologies and the inclusion of appropriate controls in order to draw causal inferences on whether or how reading to dogs may benefit children’s reading practices. The mechanisms for any effect remain a matter of conjectur

Maternal Programming of Sexual Behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Function in the Female Rat

Variations in parental care predict the age of puberty, sexual activity in adolescence and the age at first pregnancy in humans. These findings parallel descriptions of maternal effects on phenotypic variation in reproductive function in other species. Despite the prevalence of such reports, little is known about potential biological mechanisms and this especially true for effects on female reproductive development. We examined the hypothesis that parental care might alter hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function and thus reproductive function in the female offspring of rat mothers that vary pup licking/grooming (LG) over the first week postpartum. As adults, the female offspring of Low LG mothers showed 1) increased sexual receptivity; 2) increased plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone at proestrus; 3) an increased positive-feedback effect of estradiol on both plasma LH levels and gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) expression in the medial preoptic region; and 4) increased estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in the anterioventral paraventricular nucleus, a system that regulates GnRH. The results of a cross-fostering study provide evidence for a direct effect of postnatal maternal care as well as a possible prenatal influence. Indeed, we found evidence for increased fetal testosterone levels at embryonic day 20 in the female fetuses of High compared to Low LG mothers. Finally, the female offspring of Low LG mothers showed accelerated puberty compared to those of High LG mothers. These data suggest maternal effects in the rat on the development of neuroendocrine systems that regulate female sexual behaviour. Together with studies revealing a maternal effect on the maternal behavior of the female offspring, these findings suggest that maternal care can program alternative reproductive phenotypes in the rat through regionally-specific effects on ERα expression

Safety of thoracic pedicle screw application using the funnel technique in Asians: a cadaveric evaluation

The objective of this cadaveric study is to determine the safety and outcome of thoracic pedicle screw placement in Asians using the funnel technique. Pedicle screws have superior biomechanical as well as clinical data when compared to other methods of instrumentation. However, misplacement in the thoracic spine can result in major neurological implications. There is great variability of the thoracic pedicle morphometry between the Western and the Asian population. The feasibility of thoracic pedicle screw insertion in Asians has not been fully elucidated yet. A pre-insertion radiograph was performed and surgeons were blinded to the morphometry of the thoracic pedicles. 240 pedicle screws were inserted in ten Asian cadavers from T1 to T12 using the funnel technique. 5.0 mm screws were used from T1 to T6 while 6.0 mm screws were used from T7 to T12. Perforations were detected by direct visualization via a wide laminectomy. The narrowest pedicles are found between T3 and T6. T5 pedicle width is smallest measuring 4.1 ± 1.3 mm. There were 24 (10.0%) Grade 1 perforations and only 1 (0.4%) Grade 2 perforation. Grade 2 or worse perforation is considered significant perforation which would threaten the neural structures. There were twice as many lateral and inferior perforations compared to medial perforations. 48.0% of the perforations occurred at T1, T2 and T3 pedicles. Pedicle fracture occurred in 10.4% of pedicles. Intra-operatively, the absence of funnel was found in 24.5% of pedicles. In conclusion, thoracic pedicle screws using 5.0 mm at T1–T6 and 6.0 mm at T7–T12 can be inserted safely in Asian cadavers using the funnel technique despite having smaller thoracic pedicle morphometry

Natural healers: a review of animal assisted therapy and activities as complementary treatment for chronic conditions Curadores naturales: una revisión de la terapia y actividades asistidas por animales como tratamiento complementar de enfermedades crónicas Curadores naturais: uma revisão da terapia e atividades assistidas por animais como tratamento complementar de doenças crônicas

The primary objective of this review is to synthesize the existing literature on the use of animal-assisted therapy and activity (AAT/A) as complementary treatment among people living with chronic disease and to discuss the possible application of this practice among children living with HIV. Relevant databases were searched between March 10 and April 11, 2011, using the words: animal assisted therapy or treatment and chronic conditions or diseases. Thirty-one articles were found and 18 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research suggests that AAT/A is effective for different patient profiles, particularly children. Interaction with dogs has been found to increase positive behaviors, such as sensitivity and focus, in children with social disabilities. Decreased levels of pain have also been reported among child patients as a result of AAT/A. More research should be done in the area of children living with chronic diseases that require strict adherence to treatment, such as HIV, and on AAT/A's prospective use as an educational tool to teach children about the importance of self-care for their medical conditions.<br>El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir la literatura existente sobre el uso de terapia y actividades asistidas por animales (AAT/A), como terapia coadyuvante en personas viviendo con enfermedades crónicas, y discutir la posible aplicación de esa práctica en niños que viven con SIDA. La información fue buscada en bancos de datos entre 10 de marzo y 11 de abril de 2011, usando las palabras: terapia asistida por animales o tratamiento y condiciones crónicas o enfermedades. Treinta y uno artículos fueron encontrados y 18 siguieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La pesquisa sugiere que AAT/A es eficaz para pacientes con diferentes perfiles, especialmente para niños. Se descubrió que la interacción con perros incrementa comportamientos positivos como aumento de la sensibilidad y atención en los niños con deficiencia social. La reducción en los niveles de dolor también fue relatada en niños como resultado de la AAT/A. Más investigaciones deben ser hechas en el área de niños que viven con enfermedades crónicas que exigen adhesión rigurosa al tratamiento, tales como SIDA, y el uso prospectivo de la AAT/A como herramienta educacional para enseñar los niños sobre la importancia del autocuidado para sus condiciones médicas.<br>O objetivo desta revisão é descrever a literatura existente sobre o uso de terapia e atividades assistidas por animais (AAT/A) como terapia adjuvante em pessoas vivendo com doenças crônicas e discutir a possível aplicação desta prática em crianças que vivem com HIV. A informação foi buscada em bancos de dados entre 10 de março e 11 de abril de 2011, usando as palavras: terapia assistida por animais ou tratamento e condições crônicas ou doenças. Trinta e um artigo foram encontrados e 18 seguiram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A pesquisa sugere que AAT/A é eficaz para pacientes com diferentes perfis, especialmente para crianças. Descobriu-se que a interação com cães incrementa comportamentos positivos como aumento da sensibilidade e atenção nas crianças com deficiência social. A redução nos níveis de dor também foi relatada em crianças como resultado da AAT/A. Mais pesquisas devem ser feitas na área de crianças que vivem com doenças crônicas que exigem adesão rigorosa ao tratamento, tais como HIV, e o uso prospectivo da AAT/A como uma ferramenta educacional para ensinar às crianças sobre a importância do autocuidado para suas condições médicas