International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Housing costs and inequality in post-revolutionary Iran

In this chapter, we investigate the association between housing prices and income inequality in Iran over the last three decades. In the recent period, Iran has had the highest average Gini coefficient in the Middle East (see Table 5.1), a region where inequality has triggered social tension, political instability, and armed conflict (Azeng and Yogo 2013). Moreover, debates on inequality and poverty have featured prominently in Iran’s domestic politics since the 1979 Revolution. For example, popular dissatisfaction with inequality is believed to have contributed to an electoral victory in 2005 for the populist presidential candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Farzanegan 2009)—whose subsequent management of the national economy nonetheless resulted in negative economic growth as well as double-digit inflation and unemployment rates