Half-time and high-speed running in the second half of soccer

This study investigated if the quantity of high-speed running (movements >15 km.h-1) completed in the first 15 minutes of competitive football matches differed from that completed in the corresponding 15 minutes of the second half. Twenty semi-professional soccer players (age 21.2 ± 3.6 years, body mass 76.4 ± 3.8 kg, height 1.89 ± 0.05 m) participated in the study. Fifty competitive soccer matches and 192 data files were analysed (4 ± 2 files per match) using Global Positioning Satellite technology. Data were analysed using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlations. No differences were found between the first 15 min of each half for the distance completed at high-speed (>15 km.h-1) or sprinting (>21 km.h-1), or in the number of sprints undertaken (p>0.05). However, total distance covered was shorter (1st half vs. 2nd half: 1746 ± 220 vs. 1644 ± 224 m; p<0.001) and mean speed lower (1st half vs. 2nd half: 7.0 ± 0.9 vs. 6.6 ± 0.9 km.h-1; p<0.001) in the first 15 min of the second half compared to the first. The correlations between the duration of the half-time interval and the difference in the high-speed running or sprinting between first and second halves (0-15 min) were very small (r=0.08 [p=0.25] and r=0.04 [p=0.61] respectively). Therefore, this study did not find any difference between the amount of high-speed running and sprinting completed by semi-professional soccer players when the first 15 minutes of the first and second half of competitive matches were compared The maintenance of high-speed running and sprinting, as total distance and mean speed declined, may be a function of the pacing strategies adopted by players in competitive matches

Some effects of small-scale metallicity variations in cooling flows

In an attempt to reconcile recent spectral data with predictions of the standard cooling flow model, it has been suggested that the metals in the intracluster medium (ICM) might be distributed inhomogeneously on small scales. We investigate the possible consequences of such a situation within the framework of the cooling flow scenario. Using the standard isobaric cooling flow model, we study the ability of such metallicity variations to preferentially suppress low-temperature line emission in cooling flow spectra. We then use simple numerical simulations to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of the ICM when the metals are distributed in such a fashion. Simulated observations are used to study the constraints real data can place on conditions in the ICM. The difficulty of ruling out abundance variations on small spatial scales with current observational limits is emphasized. We find that a bimodal distribution of metals may give rise to interesting effects in the observed abundance profile, in that apparent abundance gradients with central abundance drops and off-centre peaks, similar to those seen recently in some clusters, are produced. Different elements behave in different fashion as governed by the temperature dependence of their equivalent widths. Our overall conclusion is that, whilst this process alone seems unlikely to be able to account for the sharp reduction in low temperature emission lines seen in current spectral data, a contribution at some level is possible and difficult to rule out. The possibility of small-scale metallicity variations should be considered when analysing high resolution cluster X-ray spectra.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Understanding Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Bone Scan Results and Treatments

Patients come into the St. Albans NOTCH primary care office for a follow-up to their DEXA scan to learn about what their results mean and discuss any questions/concerns. This brochure will help to standardize the information presented by providers about the results.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/fmclerk/1459/thumbnail.jp

Detection of Widespread Hot Ammonia in the Galactic Center

We present the detection of metastable inversion lines of ammonia from energy levels high above the ground state. We detect these lines in both emission and absorption toward fifteen of seventeen positions in the central 300 parsecs of the Galaxy. In total, we observe seven metastable transitions of ammonia: (8,8), (9,9), (10,10), (11,11), (12,12), (13,13) and (15,15), with energies (in Kelvins) ranging from 680 to 2200 K. We also map emission from ammonia (8,8) and (9,9) in two clouds in the Sgr A complex (M-0.02-0.07 and M-0.13-0.08), and we find that the line emission is concentrated toward the the dense centers of these molecular clouds. The rotational temperatures derived from the metastable lines toward M-0.02-0.07 and M-0.13-0.08 and an additional cloud (M0.25+0.01) range from 350 to 450 K. Similarly highly-excited lines of ammonia have previously been observed toward Sgr B2, where gas with kinetic temperatures of ~600 K has been inferred. Our observations show that the existence of a hot molecular gas component is not unique to Sgr B2, but rather appears common to many Galactic center molecular clouds. In M-0.02-0.07, we find that the hot ammonia, contributes ~10% of the cloud's total ammonia column density, and further, that the hot ammonia in this cloud arises in gas which is extended or uniformly distributed on ~10 arcsecond scales. We discuss the implications of these constraints upon the nature of this hot gas component. In addition to the detection of hot metastable ammonia line emission, we also detect for the first time emission from nonmetastable inversion transitions of ammonia in both M-0.02-0.07 and M-0.13-0.08.Comment: Submitted to ApJ on April 12, 201

Capital Structure and Investment Behaviour of Malaysian Firms in the 1990s: A Study of Corporate Governance before the Crisis

This is an empirical study analyzing the corporate finance and governance structure in Malaysia before and after the financial crisis of 1997, utilizing the agency cost approach. The contribution of this paper is to link the corporate governance mechanism with the role of banks and corporate ownership structure taking into account the institutional framework and historical background of the Malaysian financial system. Based on data for 375 non-financial KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange) listed companies during fiscal years 1995-99, our analysis is organized into three parts. Section 2 outlines characteristics of corporate finance in Malaysia in the 1990s using aggregated time-series data. Section 3 examines determinants of capital structure via cross-sectional regressions in terms of dependency on banks, availability of internal funds, ownership concentration, ethnic ownership structure, industry effects, etc. And in section 4, we estimate simple investment functions with panel data in order to examine the effects of debt financing on corporate investments before the crisis. Empirical results show that the commitment of banks to finance corporate debt as well as lending obviously increased debt ratios. Ownership concentration mitigates conflict between managers and owners. Foreign ownership also contributed to a reduction in the agency costs of equity financing. However, increasing ownership by native Malays (Bumiputera), both the direct and indirect holding of corporate shares, played no significant role in disciplining corporate management. Finally, high dependency on debt led to excessive corporate investment before the crisis. These results imply that the concentration of risks on the banking sector and social policy advocating the dispersion of corporate ownership weakened the corporate governance mechanism, thereby exacerbating the distress of Malaysia's corporate sector during the financial crisis.

Volunteer training program for Animal Rescue Fund, Muncie, Indiana

As a not for profit, volunteer based organization with just four full time employees, Muncie Animal Rescue Fund depends on volunteers to run their organization. If volunteers do not understand their responsibilities or behave negligently during their volunteer time, there can be a significant impact on the function ofthe organization. As a Human Resource Management major, I sought to solve this organizational problem by designing a training program for volunteers at Animal Rescue Fund. This artist's statement outlines the process used to develop this training program and the research that supports this methodology. The final training program is then presented.Honors CollegeThesis (B.?.