Influence des effets de forme et de taille des cavités, et de l'anisotropie plastique sur la rupture ductile

Ductile fracture of metallic alloys occurs by the nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. In a first step, we study the influence of void shape effects and plastic anisotropy on the growth phase. we implement numerically in a finite element code the void growth model of madou and leblond for ellipsoidal voids embedded in an isotropic material, in order to apply the model to ductile fracture problems involving important void shape effects. We show that the consideration of void shape effects is necessary in order to reproduce shear-dominant ductile fracture. This model is then extended to plastic anisotropy, in the spirit of the models of monchiet and benzerga. In particular, we derive a macroscopic criterion for anisotropic materials containing general ellipsoidal voids, which is assessed by finite element limite analyses. In a second step, we study the effects of void size on the ductile fracture of nanoporous materials contenant spherical or spheroidal voids. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of void shape effects and plastic anisotropy on the coalescence phase. We derive two new criteria of coalescence by internal necking, which are assessed numerically. Then, we derive a new criterion that permits to unify the growth and coalescence phases. Finally we study the influence of plasticy anisotropy on coalescence by internal necking.La rupture ductile des alliages métalliques survient suite à la nucléation, la croissance et la coalescence de microcavités. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des effets de forme et d'anisotropie plastique sur la phase de croissance des cavités. Dans un premier temps, nous implémentons numériquement le modèle de croissance de Madou et Leblond pour des cavités ellipsoïdales générales plongées dans un matériau isotrope dans un code de calcul par éléments finis, afin d'appliquer le modèle à des cas de rupture où les effets de forme sont importants. On montre que la prise en compte des effets de forme des cavités est nécessaire afin de reproduire la rupture ductile en cisaillement. Ce modèle est ensuite étendu au cas de l'anisotropie plastique, en s'inspirant des travaux de Monchiet et Benzerga. On dérive notamment un critère de plasticité macroscopique pour les matériaux anisotropes contenant des cavités ellipsoïdales générales, que nous validons par analyse limite numérique. La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'étude des effets de taille sur la rupture ductile des matériaux nanoporeux contenant des cavités sphériques ou sphéroïdales. Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude des effets de forme et d'anisotropie plastique sur la phase de coalescence des cavités. Nous dérivons deux nouveaux critères de coalescence en couche que nous validons par analyse limite numérique. Cette étude nous permet de développer un nouveau critère permettant d'unifier les phases de croissance et coalescence. Enfin nous dérivons un critère de coalescence pour les matériaux anisotropes

Purely magnetic tunnelling between radial magnetic wells

This article is devoted to the semiclassical spectral analysis of the magnetic Laplacian in two dimensions. Assuming that the magnetic field is positive and has two symmetric radial wells, we establish an accurate tunnelling formula, that is a one-term estimate of the spectral gap between the lowest two eigenvalues. This gap is exponentially small when the semiclassical parameter goes to zero, but positive

Application of a model of plastic porous materials including void shape effects to the prediction of ductile failure under shear-dominated loadings

International audienceAn extension of Gurson's famous model (Gurson, 1977) of porous plastic solids, incorporating void shape effects, has recently been proposed by Madou and Leblond (Madou and Leblond, 2012a,b, 2013; Madou et al., 2013). In this extension the voids are no longer modelled as spherical but ellipsoidal with three different axes, and changes of the magnitude and orientation of these axes are accounted for. The aim of this paper is to show that the new model is able to predict softening due essentially to such changes, in the absence of significant void growth. This is done in two steps. First, a numerical implementation of the model is proposed and incorporated into the SYSTUS and ABAQUS finite element programmes (through some freely available UMAT (Leblond, 2015) in the second case). Second, the implementation in SYSTUS is used to simulate previous " numerical experiments " of Tvergaard and coworkers (Tvergaard, 2008, 2009; Dahl et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2012; Tvergaard, 2012, 2015a) involving the shear loading of elementary porous cells, where softening due to changes of the void shape and orientation was very apparent. It is found that with a simple, heuristic modelling of the phenomenon of mesoscopic strain localization, the model is indeed able to reproduce the results of these numerical experiments, in contrast to Gurson's model disregarding void shape effects

Numerical simulation of model problems in plasticity based on field dislocation mechanics

The aim of this paper is to investigate the numerical implementation of the field dislocation mechanics (FDM) theory for the simulation of dislocation-mediated plasticity. First, the mesoscale FDM theory of Acharya and Roy (2006 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 54 1687-710) is recalled which permits to express the set of equations under the form of a static problem, corresponding to the determination of the local stress field for a given dislocation density distribution, complemented by an evolution problem, corresponding to the transport of the dislocation density. The static problem is solved using FFT-based techniques (Brenner et al 2014 Phil. Mag. 94 1764-87). The main contribution of the present study is an efficient numerical scheme based on high resolution Godunov-type solvers to solve the evolution problem. Model problems of dislocation-mediated plasticity are finally considered in a simplified layer case. First, uncoupled problems with uniform velocity are considered, which permits to reproduce annihilation of dislocations and expansion of dislocation loops. Then, the FDM theory is applied to several problems of dislocation microstructures subjected to a mechanical loading

Analysis of a model of field crack mechanics for brittle materials

A computational model for arbitrary brittle crack propagation, in a fault-like layer within a 3-d elastic domain, and its associated quasi-static and dynamic fields is developed and analyzed. It uses a FFT-based solver for the balance of linear momentum and a Godunov-type projection-evolution method for the crack evolution equation. As applications, we explore the questions of equilibria and irreversibility for crack propagation with and without surface energy, existence of strength and toughness criteria, crack propagation under quasi-static and dynamic conditions, including Modes I, II and III, as well as multiaxial compressive loadings

Modeling and simulation of laser shock waves in elasto-plastic polycrystalline microstructures

We study the propagation of elasto-plastic shockwaves induced by high power laser impacts in 2D polycrystalline metallic alloys in order to investigate the influence of the material microstructure on the fields of plastic strain and subsequent residual stresses. Implementing a visco-plastic constitutive relation at the grain scale accounting for two dislocation slip systems into a finite volume numerical scheme, simulations on single crystal specimens with different lattice orientations show that plastic strain is concentrated in narrow bands originating at the edges of the laser impact and parallel to the slip planes. In the case of polycrystalline microstructures composed of randomly oriented grains, it is found that the microstructure morphology is the origin of a heterogeneous distribution of the residual plastic strain and stress fields, which thus departs from the residual stress fields usually modeled when the microstructure is not accounted for. To account for the random character of polycrystal microstructures, we perform a statistical analysis of the mechanical fields over a large number of microstructures to quantify the dispersion of the results. It is found that even though the residual stresses induced by a laser impact are in compression on average at the center of the laser impact, some realizations of the microstructures can lead to localized concentrations of less compressive, or even tensile, residual stresses at the surface, thus probably reducing the fatigue resistance of the shocked material

Void coalescence in porous ductile solids containing two populations of cavities

A model of coalescence by internal necking of primary voids is developed which accounts for the presence of a second population of cavities. The derivation is based on a limit-analysis of a cylindrical cell containing a mesoscopic void and subjected to boundary conditions describing the kinematics of coalescence. The second population is accounted locally in the matrix surrounding the mesoscopic void through the microscopic potential of Michel and Suquet (1992) for spherical voids. The macroscopic criterion obtained is assessed through comparison of its predictions with the results of micromechanical finite element simulations on the same cell. A good agreement between model predictions and numerical results is found on the limit-load promoting coalescence

Designing isotropic composites reinforced by aligned transversely isotropic particles of spheroidal shape

The aim of this paper is to study the design of isotropic composites reinforced by aligned spheroidal particles made of a transversely isotropic material. The problem is investigated analytically using the framework of mean- eld homogenization. Conditions of macroscopic isotropy of particle-reinforced composites are derived for the dilute and Mori-Tanaka's schemes. This leads to a system of three nonlinear equations linking seven material constants and two geometrical constants. A design tool is finally proposed which permits to determine admissible particles achieving macroscopic isotropy for a given isotropic matrix behavior and a given particle aspect ratio. Correlations between transverse and longitudinal moduli of admissible particles are stud- ied for various particle shapes. Finally, the design of particles is investigated for aluminum and steel matrix composites