SÍNTESIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE MICROPARTÍCULAS Y NANOPARTÍCULAS POLIMÉRICAS BIODEGRADABLES PARA LA LIBERACIÓN CONTROLADA DE ANTIOXIDANTES Y BIOMOLÉCULAS POR VÍA ORAL

: En el proyecto aceptado se planeó la obtención del sistema de nanopartículas poliméricas de poli(láctico-co-glicólico) como un aditivo alimentario, para ser adicionado y enriquecer alimentos preparados en la planta piloto. Los resultados aquí mostrados (ver articulo), resumen una aplicación en alimentos, sin embargo el producto de este proyecto está siendo empleado para preparar aditivos que son evaluados en proyectos de maestrí

Review: The Role Of Hyperleptinemia In Chronic Degenerative Diseases

Leptin is a protein that belongs to the family of cytokines, it’s mainly produced by adipose tissue and its main function is to inform the nervous system about the amount of such tissue present in the organism, it also participates in the regulation of the neuroendocrine function and in the control of food intake; however, this molecule can also act in other tissues because their receptors are present in them. It has been identified that abnormal values of this protein can lead to have or aggravate some pathologies, such as cardiovascular, inflammatory, cancer, etc; since leptin is considered as a hormone that has proliferative, mitogenic, antiapoptotic and proinflammatory activity. Hyperleptinemia is a condition presented when leptin levels are above the normal level in the bloodstream (1-15 ng/ml) usually caused by physiological disorders such as obesity. Hyperleptinemia has been associated with several chronic degenerative diseases, where it has a strong relationship with the molecular basis of these diseases, either by direct action on the tissue or by its chemotactic ability to attract other molecules involved in the development of the disease. Because of these, abnormal levels of leptin in the body can be considered as a marker of disease, as described in this review

Genes and proteins associated with chemotherapeutic resistance in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the main type of cancer that affects women in the world. Treatment with chemotherapeutic agents for this type of cancer depends to a large extent on the phenotypic characteristics that appear in the tumor, such as some receptors. The treatment of breast cancer is complex since not all patients respond adequately to it and this is partly due to mechanisms of resistance to treatment. The resistance either acquired or intrinsic to chemotherapeutics against breast cancer is related to multiple genes and proteins that are actively involved in the development of resistance mechanisms, which may be inhibiting the binding of the drug to the target receptor, inhibiting the gene expression of the receptors, activating signaling pathways, inducing the action of transporters that expel the drug from the cell, etc. As a result of this review, the mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance in breast cancer derived from genes and proteins related to say disease are described, including genes related to different types of breast cancer, as well as with different therapeutic strategies. These genes and their products of expression include a wide range of interactions and activations of signalling pathways that trigger a poor response to treatment, which translates into a worse prognosis, higher risk of prevalence and death, favouring breast cancer to be the main cause of cancer death in women. Objective: Conduct an updated review of genes and proteins, that have been associated with conferring resistance to the different chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of breast cancer, including the mechanism of resistance and the type of cancer in which it is generated. Method: The search for indexed articles in the PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) and ScienceDirect (http://www.sciencedirect.com) databases was performed, using the words “Breast cancer resistance” as a search criterion, articles published in the period 2015-2017 were selected

Adiponectin: Obesity and Development of Different Diseases

Revisión bibliográfica de la relación entre adiponectina, obesidad y desarrollo de diferentes enfermedadesAdiponectin is an adipokine abundantly expressed in adipose tissue, which has been well characterized, demonstrating its beneficial effect on human health, circulates in the bloodstream in various isoforms, playing different roles in the balance of energy homeostasis. Adiponectin is an insulin sensitizing hormone that exerts its action through AdipoR1, AdipoR2 and T-cadherin receptors. AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is expressed predominantly in the liver. Adiponectin is inversely proportional to obesity, diabetes and other states of insulin resistance; this review presents current findings regarding regulation, production and biological effects. Adiponectin acts by activating AMPk (AMP-activated protein kinase) and thus the enzymatic modulation so that the signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation, in addition to the above it has been demonstrated that the deregulation in the biogenesis and function of the miRNAs contributes to the appearance and development of diverse diseases

Evaluation of The Inter-Batch Variability of An Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient: Morphologic, Rheologic And Calorimetric Characterization

Beca nacional Edna Teresa Alcantara Fierro PEI 2015/220172All raw materials used for solid oral drugs manufacturing must be evaluated according to the pharmacopoeial monographs, which consist in a verification of critical quality attributes related to the identity and purity of the molecule. However, active pharmaceutical ingredients may present differences in non-pharmacopoeial tests, such as particle size and shape or flow. Although these differences are not evaluated routinely by Quality Control area, they can alter the technological performance during production, as well the stability and ultimately the efficacy of a pharmaceutical product. In this study, 10 production batches of magnesium valproate were evaluated, characterizing flow index, fusion enthalpy and particle shape and size distribution. An analysis of variance was carried out, finding statistically-significant differences in the flow index, particle shape and fusion enthalpy tests for two batches. These differences may be due to small variations in the crystalline configurations. The study showed differences in the characterization of fundamental and functional properties of the particles of the active pharmaceutical ingredient evaluated, which could have an impact on the manufacturing processes and affect therapeutic efficacy.CONACY

Breastfeeding and Gestational Diabetes

Breastfeeding is recommended as the preferred method of feeding for infants for at least 1 year, because of its multiple immediate and long-term benefits for both the mother and child. Among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), breastfeeding is associated with increased insulin sensitivity, improved insulin secretion, improved glucose tolerance, and a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lactation has also been associated with postpartum weight loss, reduced long-term obesity risk, a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother are unclear. However, a role of adipose tissue-produced cytokines (adipokines) has been suggested. Lactation appears to mobilize adipose tissue accrued during pregnancy, and some changes in adipokine levels have been reported. Higher lactation intensity has been associated with lower plasma leptin, a peptide mainly associated with appetite regulation and insulin resistance

Antibacterial efficacy of gold and silver nanoparticles functionalized with the ubiquicidin (29–41) antimicrobial peptide

Recent studies have demonstrated that drug antimicrobial activity is enhanced when metallic nanoparticles are used as an inorganic support, obtaining synergic effects against microorganisms. The cationic antimicrobial peptide ubiquicidin 29–41 (UBI) has demonstrated high affinity and sensitivity towards fungal and bacterial infections. The aim of this research was to prepare and evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of engineered multivalent nanoparticle systems based on silver or gold nanoparticles functionalized with UBI. Spectroscopy techniques demonstrated that NPs were functionalized with UBI mainly through interactions with the -NH2 groups. A significant increase in the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosawas obtainedwith the conjugateAgNP-UBI with regard to that of AgNP. No inhibitionof bacterial growth was observed with AuNP and AuNP-UBI using a nanoparticle concentration of up to 182 gmL−1.Nonetheless, silver nanoparticles conjugated to the UBI antimicrobial peptide may provide an alternative therapy for topical infections.This work was supported by the PROMEP-CA-68 (2013) project and The International Atomic Energy Agency (Contract no. 18358)

Preparation and characterization of a tumor-targeting dual-image system based on iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid and rhodamine

Cancer is one of the diseases with most deaths worldwide, around 8.2 million annually. For this reason, several treatments and diagnostic tools have been investigated and developed over the past decades. Among them, a dual-image system has been developed to achieve and enhance the detection of cancer, which has not been done with systems currently available. The present study describes the preparation of a dual-image targeting system composed of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid and rhodamine; nanoparticles synthesis was achieved by a coprecipitation method; the functionalization was carried out by a carbodiimide with folic acid and/or the rhodamine isothiocyanate; conjugates were characterized by spectrometric techniques; toxicity was measured by cell proliferation assay on HeLa cells using progressive concentrations of functionalized nanoparticles. Cellular uptake assay was carried out by competitive assay on HeLa cells. Iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles, modified with folic acid and rhodamine, were successfully synthetized with a particle size lower than 20nm (TEM), EDS, HRTEM, and XDR showed highly crystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Folic acid and rhodamine were conjugated with high efficiency. A significant selectivity and uptake, facilitated by surface modification of iron oxide nanoparticles with folic acid, were demonstrated.The multifunctional system showed suitable physicochemical and biological properties for cell targeting through folate receptors.This study was supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (CRP-F22064, Contract no. 18358) and the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, through Project no. 3543/2013CHT

Biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)/poly(L-γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles conjugated to folic acid for targeted delivery of doxorubicin

A novel targeted drug delivery nanoparticle system based on poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) for delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) was developed. DOX-PLGA NPs were obtained by the emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. Then, their surface was modified with poly(L-γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) and finally conjugated to modified folic acid (FA) as a targeting ligand. The surface modification and FA conjugation were followed by UV–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopies. Morphology was observed by TEM/SEM. Particle size, PDI and zeta potential were measured using DLS studies. Encapsulation and loading efficiencies, and DOX release kinetics were determined. Specific uptake and cell viability of DOX-PLGA/γ-PGA-FA NPs were tested in HeLa cells. Quasi-spherical nanoparticleswith a particle size lower than 600nm(DLS)were obtained. Spectroscopic techniques demonstrated the successful surface modification with γ-PGA and FA conjugation. Release profile of DOX-PLGA/γ-PGA-FA NPs showed a release of 55.4 ± 0.6% after seven days, in an acidic environment. HeLa cells exhibited a decrease in viability when treated with DOX-PLGA/γ-PGA-AF NPs, and cellular uptake was attributed to FA receptor-mediated endocytosis. These results suggest that DOX-PLGA/γ-PGA-FA NPs are a potential targeted drug carrier for further applications in cancer therapy.This study was supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (CRP-F22064, Contract No. 18358) and the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, through the project No. 3543/2013CHT